Restatement of the Law, Third,

Torts: Miscellaneous Provisions

This project is part of ALI’s ongoing revision of the Restatement Second of Torts. Portions of the Restatement Second have been superseded by the Restatement Third of Torts: Products Liability, Apportionment of Liability, Liability for Physical and Emotional Harm, and Liability for Economic Harm.
This Restatement addresses topics not covered in another part of the Restatement Third of Torts that either require updating since publication of the Restatement Second or were not previously addressed but should be covered in a modern torts Restatement. These topics will include medical liability, vicarious liability, wrongful death and survival actions, among others.
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    •  
      Tentative Draft No. 3
      Tentative Draft No. 3
      668 pages, 2024, #1R3TCPTD3

      Table of Contents

      Section                                                                                                                                                  Page

      Project Status at a Glance ...................................................................................................................... xvii

      Foreword ............................................................................................................................................... xviii

      Reporters’ Memorandum ......................................................................................................................... xix

       

      Liability for Physical and Emotional Harm

      § __. Medical Monitoring ........................................................................................................................... 1

      Appendix to Reporters’ Note. A State-by-State Table: Medical Monitoring Absent Present
      Physical Injury 
      ....................................................................................................................................... 40

      Statutes of Limitations and Statutes of Repose
      for Common-Law Tort Causes of Action

      Introductory Note ..................................................................................................................................... 47

      Part 1. Statutes of Limitations

      Topic 1. Statutes of Limitations in General

      § 1. Definition of Statute of Limitations .................................................................................................... 47

      Topic 2. When The Statute of Limitations Begins to Run

      § 2. When the Statute of Limitations Begins to Run—All-Elements Rule ................................................ 57

      § 3. When the Statute of Limitations Begins to Run—Discovery Rule .................................................... 72

      Scope Note for § 4 ................................................................................................................................... 89

      § 4. When the Statute of Limitations Begins to Run—Continuing Torts .................................................. 91

      Topic 3. When the Running of the Statute of Limitations is Suspended (Tolling)

      Introductory Note: Rationale and Terminology ...................................................................................... 106

      § 5. Statutory Tolling Rules .................................................................................................................... 107

      § 6. Continuous Representation ............................................................................................................ 108

      § 7. Continuous Medical Treatment ....................................................................................................... 115

      § 8. Equitable Tolling .............................................................................................................................. 120

      Topic 4. Effect of Defendant Misconduct

      § 9. Equitable Estoppel .......................................................................................................................... 124

      § 10. Fraudulent Concealment .............................................................................................................. 132

      Topic 5. Contracts Shortening or Lengthening the Statute-of-Limitations Period

      § 11. Contracts Shortening or Lengthening the Statute-of-Limitations Period ....................................... 149

      Part 2. Statutes of Repose

      Topic 1. Statutes of Repose in General

      § 12. Definition of Statute of Repose ..................................................................................................... 154

      Topic 2. When the Statute of Repose Begins to Run

      § 13. When the Statute of Repose Begins to Run ................................................................................. 159

      Topic 3. The Statute of Repose Is Not Suspended by Common-Law Tolling Rules

      § 14. The Statute of Repose Is Not Suspended by Common-Law Tolling Rules ................................... 161

      Topic 4. Effect of Defendant Misconduct

      § 15. Effect of Defendant Misconduct .................................................................................................... 164

      Topic 5. Contracts Shortening or Lengthening the Statute-of-Repose Period

      § 16. Contracts Shortening or Lengthening the Statute-of-Repose Period ........................................... 168

      Liability for Physical and Emotional Harm

      Chapter 3. The Negligence Doctrine and Negligence Liability

      § 18 A. Negligent Misrepresentation Causing Physical Harm ............................................................... 171

      Chapter 12. Liability in Event of Death

      § 70 [Approximately]. Actions for Causing Death (Wrongful Death) ...................................................... 208

      § 71 [Approximately]. Survival of Tort Actions Upon the Death of the Victim ......................................... 236

      § 72 [Approximately]. Survival of Tort Actions Upon the Death of the Tortfeasor .................................. 252

      Chapter 8A. Interference with Family Relationships

      § 48 F. Spousal Abduction and Enticement Abolished .......................................................................... 256

      § 48 G. Alienation of Betrothed’s Affections Abolished .......................................................................... 260

      § 48 H. Alienation of a Child’s Affections Abolished ............................................................................... 263

      § 48 I. Parental Claim for Seduction of a Minor Abolished .................................................................... 269

      § 48 J. Tortious Interference with Parental Rights ................................................................................. 273

      § 48 K. Alienation of Parent’s Affections Abolished ............................................................................... 299

      Other Provisions in the Restatement Second of Torts Determined to be “Obsolete.” ........................... 302

      Aiding and Abetting Negligence Torts

      § __. Aiding and Abetting Negligence Torts ........................................................................................... 304

       

      § __. Agreements to Engage in Conduct that is Negligent or Reckless ................................................ 325

      Firefighter’s Rule

      Firefighter’s Rule ................................................................................................................................... 349

      Liability for Economic Harm

      Chapter 3. Interference with Economic interests

      § 20 A. Bad-Faith Performance of First-Party Insurance Contract ........................................................ 383

      Miscellaneous Provisions

      Chapter __. Miscellaneous Torts

      Topic __. Spoliation

      § __. “Spoliation” Defined ...................................................................................................................... 418

      § __. Third-Party Spoliation of Evidence ............................................................................................... 421

      § __. First-Party Spoliation of Evidence ................................................................................................ 449

      Defenses Applicable to All Tort Claims

      § __. Equitable Estoppel as a Defense to Tort Liability ......................................................................... 464

      Rules Applicable to Certain Types of Conduct

      Tort Liability Based on Estoppel ............................................................................................................ 477

      Harm Before and Regarding Birth

      § __. Prenatal Injury .............................................................................................................................. 478

      Wrongful Pregnancy, Birth, and Life

      § __. Wrongful Pregnancy ..................................................................................................................... 499

      Introductory Note on “Parent” in Wrongful-Birth Claims ........................................................................ 516

      § __. Wrongful Birth ............................................................................................................................... 516

      § __. Wrongful Life ................................................................................................................................. 536

      Liability for Physical and Emotional Harm

      § __. Liability for the Provision of Alcohol .............................................................................................. 541

      Negligence Liability of Product Suppliers

      Introductory Note ................................................................................................................................... 584

      § __. Negligence Liability of Product Suppliers ..................................................................................... 586

      § __. Negligence Liability of Independent Contractors that Manufacture, Rebuild, Repair, Maintain, Assemble, or Install Products ................................................................................................................ 614

      Other Provisions in Restatement Second of Torts, Division Two, Chapter 14 addressed in this Restatement .......................................................................................................................................... 621

       

      Appendix A. Black Letter of Tentative Draft No. 3 ............................................................................ 623

      Appendix B. Black Letter of Sections Approved by Membership ................................................... 635

      Tentative Draft No. 3 includes material on Medical Monitoring, Statutes of Limitations and Statutes of Repose, Negligent Misrepresentation Causing Physical Harm, Wrongful-Death and Survival Actions, Interference with Family Relationships, Aiding and Abetting Negligence Torts, Agreements to Engage in Conduct that is Negligent or Reckless, Firefighter’s Rule, Bad-Faith Performance of First-Party Insurance Contract, Spoliation, Equitable Estoppel as a Defense to Tort Liability, Tort Liability Based on Estoppel, Prenatal Injury, Wrongful Pregnancy, Birth, and Life, Liability for the Provision of Alcohol, and Negligence Liability of Product Suppliers. The membership voted to approve this draft at the 2024 Annual Meeting subject to the amendments approved at the Meeting, discussion at the Meeting, and editorial prerogative. This material may be cited as representing the Institute’s position until the official text is published.

      668 pages, 2024, #1R3TCPTD3E

      Table of Contents

      Section                                                                                                                                                  Page

      Project Status at a Glance ...................................................................................................................... xvii

      Foreword ............................................................................................................................................... xviii

      Reporters’ Memorandum ......................................................................................................................... xix

       

      Liability for Physical and Emotional Harm

      § __. Medical Monitoring ........................................................................................................................... 1

      Appendix to Reporters’ Note. A State-by-State Table: Medical Monitoring Absent Present
      Physical Injury 
      ....................................................................................................................................... 40

      Statutes of Limitations and Statutes of Repose
      for Common-Law Tort Causes of Action

      Introductory Note ..................................................................................................................................... 47

      Part 1. Statutes of Limitations

      Topic 1. Statutes of Limitations in General

      § 1. Definition of Statute of Limitations .................................................................................................... 47

      Topic 2. When The Statute of Limitations Begins to Run

      § 2. When the Statute of Limitations Begins to Run—All-Elements Rule ................................................ 57

      § 3. When the Statute of Limitations Begins to Run—Discovery Rule .................................................... 72

      Scope Note for § 4 ................................................................................................................................... 89

      § 4. When the Statute of Limitations Begins to Run—Continuing Torts .................................................. 91

      Topic 3. When the Running of the Statute of Limitations is Suspended (Tolling)

      Introductory Note: Rationale and Terminology ...................................................................................... 106

      § 5. Statutory Tolling Rules .................................................................................................................... 107

      § 6. Continuous Representation ............................................................................................................ 108

      § 7. Continuous Medical Treatment ....................................................................................................... 115

      § 8. Equitable Tolling .............................................................................................................................. 120

      Topic 4. Effect of Defendant Misconduct

      § 9. Equitable Estoppel .......................................................................................................................... 124

      § 10. Fraudulent Concealment .............................................................................................................. 132

      Topic 5. Contracts Shortening or Lengthening the Statute-of-Limitations Period

      § 11. Contracts Shortening or Lengthening the Statute-of-Limitations Period ....................................... 149

      Part 2. Statutes of Repose

      Topic 1. Statutes of Repose in General

      § 12. Definition of Statute of Repose ..................................................................................................... 154

      Topic 2. When the Statute of Repose Begins to Run

      § 13. When the Statute of Repose Begins to Run ................................................................................. 159

      Topic 3. The Statute of Repose Is Not Suspended by Common-Law Tolling Rules

      § 14. The Statute of Repose Is Not Suspended by Common-Law Tolling Rules ................................... 161

      Topic 4. Effect of Defendant Misconduct

      § 15. Effect of Defendant Misconduct .................................................................................................... 164

      Topic 5. Contracts Shortening or Lengthening the Statute-of-Repose Period

      § 16. Contracts Shortening or Lengthening the Statute-of-Repose Period ........................................... 168

      Liability for Physical and Emotional Harm

      Chapter 3. The Negligence Doctrine and Negligence Liability

      § 18 A. Negligent Misrepresentation Causing Physical Harm ............................................................... 171

      Chapter 12. Liability in Event of Death

      § 70 [Approximately]. Actions for Causing Death (Wrongful Death) ...................................................... 208

      § 71 [Approximately]. Survival of Tort Actions Upon the Death of the Victim ......................................... 236

      § 72 [Approximately]. Survival of Tort Actions Upon the Death of the Tortfeasor .................................. 252

      Chapter 8A. Interference with Family Relationships

      § 48 F. Spousal Abduction and Enticement Abolished .......................................................................... 256

      § 48 G. Alienation of Betrothed’s Affections Abolished .......................................................................... 260

      § 48 H. Alienation of a Child’s Affections Abolished ............................................................................... 263

      § 48 I. Parental Claim for Seduction of a Minor Abolished .................................................................... 269

      § 48 J. Tortious Interference with Parental Rights ................................................................................. 273

      § 48 K. Alienation of Parent’s Affections Abolished ............................................................................... 299

      Other Provisions in the Restatement Second of Torts Determined to be “Obsolete.” ........................... 302

      Aiding and Abetting Negligence Torts

      § __. Aiding and Abetting Negligence Torts ........................................................................................... 304

       

      § __. Agreements to Engage in Conduct that is Negligent or Reckless ................................................ 325

      Firefighter’s Rule

      Firefighter’s Rule ................................................................................................................................... 349

      Liability for Economic Harm

      Chapter 3. Interference with Economic interests

      § 20 A. Bad-Faith Performance of First-Party Insurance Contract ........................................................ 383

      Miscellaneous Provisions

      Chapter __. Miscellaneous Torts

      Topic __. Spoliation

      § __. “Spoliation” Defined ...................................................................................................................... 418

      § __. Third-Party Spoliation of Evidence ............................................................................................... 421

      § __. First-Party Spoliation of Evidence ................................................................................................ 449

      Defenses Applicable to All Tort Claims

      § __. Equitable Estoppel as a Defense to Tort Liability ......................................................................... 464

      Rules Applicable to Certain Types of Conduct

      Tort Liability Based on Estoppel ............................................................................................................ 477

      Harm Before and Regarding Birth

      § __. Prenatal Injury .............................................................................................................................. 478

      Wrongful Pregnancy, Birth, and Life

      § __. Wrongful Pregnancy ..................................................................................................................... 499

      Introductory Note on “Parent” in Wrongful-Birth Claims ........................................................................ 516

      § __. Wrongful Birth ............................................................................................................................... 516

      § __. Wrongful Life ................................................................................................................................. 536

      Liability for Physical and Emotional Harm

      § __. Liability for the Provision of Alcohol .............................................................................................. 541

      Negligence Liability of Product Suppliers

      Introductory Note ................................................................................................................................... 584

      § __. Negligence Liability of Product Suppliers ..................................................................................... 586

      § __. Negligence Liability of Independent Contractors that Manufacture, Rebuild, Repair, Maintain, Assemble, or Install Products ................................................................................................................ 614

      Other Provisions in Restatement Second of Torts, Division Two, Chapter 14 addressed in this Restatement .......................................................................................................................................... 621

       

      Appendix A. Black Letter of Tentative Draft No. 3 ............................................................................ 623

      Appendix B. Black Letter of Sections Approved by Membership ................................................... 635

      Tentative Draft No. 3 includes material on Medical Monitoring, Statutes of Limitations and Statutes of Repose, Negligent Misrepresentation Causing Physical Harm, Wrongful-Death and Survival Actions, Interference with Family Relationships, Aiding and Abetting Negligence Torts, Agreements to Engage in Conduct that is Negligent or Reckless, Firefighter’s Rule, Bad-Faith Performance of First-Party Insurance Contract, Spoliation, Equitable Estoppel as a Defense to Tort Liability, Tort Liability Based on Estoppel, Prenatal Injury, Wrongful Pregnancy, Birth, and Life, Liability for the Provision of Alcohol, and Negligence Liability of Product Suppliers. The membership voted to approve this draft at the 2024 Annual Meeting subject to the amendments approved at the Meeting, discussion at the Meeting, and editorial prerogative. This material may be cited as representing the Institute’s position until the official text is published.

       
    •  
      Tentative Draft No. 2
      Tentative Draft No. 2
      414 pages, 2023, #1R3TCPTD2

      Table of Contents

      Section                                                                                                                                        Page

      Project Status at a Glance............................................................................................................ xiv

      Foreword...................................................................................................................................... xv

      Reporters’ Memorandum............................................................................................................. xvi

      Sepulcher (Interference with Human Remains)

      § 48 D. The Right of Sepulcher (Disposition of Human Remains) Defined.................................. 1

      § 48 E. Interference with the Right of Sepulcher............................................................................ 8

      § 48 F. Infliction of Emotional Harm by Mistreatment of Human Remains ................................. 19

      Liability for Physical and Emotional Harm

      § __. Medical Monitoring.............................................................................................................. 30

      Appendix. A State-by-State Table: Medical Monitoring Absent Present Injury .......................... 64

      Vicarious Liability

      Introductory Note.......................................................................................................................... 72

      Topic 1

      Vicarious Liability Generally

      § 1. Definiton of Vicarious Liability............................................................................................ 72

      § 2. Consequences of Vicarious Liability...................................................................................... 75

      Topic 2

      Vicarious Liability of Employers for Torts of Employees Committed Within the Scope of Employment (Respondeat Superior)

      Introductory Note: History and Terminology................................................................................ 83

      § 3. Vicarious Liability of Employers for Torts of Employees Committed Within the Scope of Employment (Respondeat Superior)—General Rule........................................................ 86

      § 4. Respondeat Superior—Definition of "Employee"................................................................. 91

      § 5. Respondeat Superior—Scope of Employment..................................................................... 102

      Topic 3

      Vicarious Liability of Principals for Torts Committed by Actors with Apparent Authority

      § 6. Vicarious Liability of Principals for Torts Committed by Actors with Apparent Authority................. 134

      Topic 4

      Other Types of Vicarious Liability

      § 7. Other Types of Vicarious Liability....................................................................................... 158

      Firefighter’s Rule

      Firefighter’s Rule......................................................................................................................... 164

      Liability for Economic Harm

      Chapter 3

      Interference with Economic Interests

      § 20 A. Bad-Faith Performance of First-Party Insurance Contract............................................. 198

      Liability for Physical and Emotional Harm

      Chapter 12

      Liability in Event of Death

      § 70 [Approximately]. Actions for Causing Death (Wrongful Death)........................................ 228

      § 71 [Approximately]. Survival of Tort Actions Upon the Death of the Victim........................ 255

      § 72 [Approximately]. Survival of Tort Actions Upon the Death of the Tortfeasor................... 270

      Chapter 3

      The Negligence Doctrine and Negligence Liability

      § 18 A. Negligent Misrepresentation Causing Physical Harm.................................................... 273

      Chapter 8A

      Interference with Family Relationships

      § 48 F. Spousal Abduction and Enticement Abolished............................................................... 310

      § 48 G. Alienation of Betrothed's Affections Abolished............................................................ 314

      § 48 H. Alienation of a Child’s Affections Abolished................................................................ 317

      § 48 I. Parental Claim for Seduction of a Minor Abolished........................................................ 323

      § 48 J. Tortious Interference with Parental Rights...................................................................... 327

      § 48 K. Alienation of Parent’s Affections Abolished................................................................. 349

      Aiding and Abetting negligence Torts

      § __. Aiding and Abetting Negligence Torts............................................................................... 354

      Appendix A. Black Letter of Tentative Draft No. 2.............................................................. 374

      Appendix B. Black Letter of Sections Approved by Membership....................................... 380

      Appendix C. A Brief History of the Third Restatement of Torts......................................... 390

      Tentative Draft No. 2 includes material on Right of Sepulcher, Medical Monitoring, Vicarious Liability, Firefighter’s Rule, First-Party Bad-Faith Insurance Claims, Wrongful-Death and Survival Actions, Negligent Misrepresentation, Marital and Family Torts, and Aiding and Abetting Liability. At the 2023 Annual Meeting, the membership voted to approve Sections 48D, 48E, and 48F (Sepulcher) of the draft. This material may be cited as representing the Institute’s position until the official text is published.

      The membership discussed and voted on several motions on the section on Medical Monitoring. Because of time constraints, discussion of the section was not completed and no vote was taken to approve the section. Time expired before the remainder of this draft was discussed.

      414 pages, 2023, #1R3TCPTD2E

      Table of Contents

      Section                                                                                                                                        Page

      Project Status at a Glance............................................................................................................ xiv

      Foreword...................................................................................................................................... xv

      Reporters’ Memorandum............................................................................................................. xvi

      Sepulcher (Interference with Human Remains)

      § 48 D. The Right of Sepulcher (Disposition of Human Remains) Defined.................................. 1

      § 48 E. Interference with the Right of Sepulcher............................................................................ 8

      § 48 F. Infliction of Emotional Harm by Mistreatment of Human Remains ................................. 19

      Liability for Physical and Emotional Harm

      § __. Medical Monitoring.............................................................................................................. 30

      Appendix. A State-by-State Table: Medical Monitoring Absent Present Injury .......................... 64

      Vicarious Liability

      Introductory Note.......................................................................................................................... 72

      Topic 1

      Vicarious Liability Generally

      § 1. Definiton of Vicarious Liability............................................................................................ 72

      § 2. Consequences of Vicarious Liability...................................................................................... 75

      Topic 2

      Vicarious Liability of Employers for Torts of Employees Committed Within the Scope of Employment (Respondeat Superior)

      Introductory Note: History and Terminology................................................................................ 83

      § 3. Vicarious Liability of Employers for Torts of Employees Committed Within the Scope of Employment (Respondeat Superior)—General Rule........................................................ 86

      § 4. Respondeat Superior—Definition of "Employee"................................................................. 91

      § 5. Respondeat Superior—Scope of Employment..................................................................... 102

      Topic 3

      Vicarious Liability of Principals for Torts Committed by Actors with Apparent Authority

      § 6. Vicarious Liability of Principals for Torts Committed by Actors with Apparent Authority................. 134

      Topic 4

      Other Types of Vicarious Liability

      § 7. Other Types of Vicarious Liability....................................................................................... 158

      Firefighter’s Rule

      Firefighter’s Rule......................................................................................................................... 164

      Liability for Economic Harm

      Chapter 3

      Interference with Economic Interests

      § 20 A. Bad-Faith Performance of First-Party Insurance Contract............................................. 198

      Liability for Physical and Emotional Harm

      Chapter 12

      Liability in Event of Death

      § 70 [Approximately]. Actions for Causing Death (Wrongful Death)........................................ 228

      § 71 [Approximately]. Survival of Tort Actions Upon the Death of the Victim........................ 255

      § 72 [Approximately]. Survival of Tort Actions Upon the Death of the Tortfeasor................... 270

      Chapter 3

      The Negligence Doctrine and Negligence Liability

      § 18 A. Negligent Misrepresentation Causing Physical Harm.................................................... 273

      Chapter 8A

      Interference with Family Relationships

      § 48 F. Spousal Abduction and Enticement Abolished............................................................... 310

      § 48 G. Alienation of Betrothed's Affections Abolished............................................................ 314

      § 48 H. Alienation of a Child’s Affections Abolished................................................................ 317

      § 48 I. Parental Claim for Seduction of a Minor Abolished........................................................ 323

      § 48 J. Tortious Interference with Parental Rights...................................................................... 327

      § 48 K. Alienation of Parent’s Affections Abolished................................................................. 349

      Aiding and Abetting negligence Torts

      § __. Aiding and Abetting Negligence Torts............................................................................... 354

      Appendix A. Black Letter of Tentative Draft No. 2.............................................................. 374

      Appendix B. Black Letter of Sections Approved by Membership....................................... 380

      Appendix C. A Brief History of the Third Restatement of Torts......................................... 390

      Tentative Draft No. 2 includes material on Right of Sepulcher, Medical Monitoring, Vicarious Liability, Firefighter’s Rule, First-Party Bad-Faith Insurance Claims, Wrongful-Death and Survival Actions, Negligent Misrepresentation, Marital and Family Torts, and Aiding and Abetting Liability. At the 2023 Annual Meeting, the membership voted to approve Sections 48D, 48E, and 48F (Sepulcher) of the draft. This material may be cited as representing the Institute’s position until the official text is published.

      The membership discussed and voted on several motions on the section on Medical Monitoring. Because of time constraints, discussion of the section was not completed and no vote was taken to approve the section. Time expired before the remainder of this draft was discussed.

       
    •  
      Tentative Draft No. 1
      Tentative Draft No. 1
      354 pages, 2022, #1R3TCPTD1

      TABLE OF CONTENTS

      Section                                                                                                                   Page

      Project Status at a Glance ........................................................................................ xv

      Foreword .................................................................................................................. xvi

      Reporters’ Memorandum ......................................................................................... xvii

      APPORTIONMENT OF LIABILITY

      TOPIC 6

      TORT CLAIMS FOR ECONOMIC HARM

      § 27. Apportionment of Liability for Tort Claims for Economic Harm—General
      Principle ........................................................................................................................ 1

      § 28. Apportionment of Liability Issues and Outline of This Topic ................................. 7

      § 29. Apportionment of Liability When Harm Can be Divided by Factual Causation .... 9

      § 30. Comparing Responsibility of Plaintiff and Intentional Tortfeasor Defendant ...... 17

      § 31. Comparing Responsibility of Plaintiff and Non-Intentional Tortfeasor
      Defendant .................................................................................................................... 24

      § 32. Joint and Several Liability of Intentional Tortfeasors ........................................... 35

      § 33. Comparative Responsibility Share of Non-Intentional Tortfeasor Defendant ...... 37

      § 34. Effect of Settlement on Apportionment of Liability ............................................... 45

      § 35. Indemnity ............................................................................................................. 48

      § 36. Contribution .......................................................................................................... 51

      § 37. Apportionment of Liability When a Plaintiff Prevails on More Than One
      Legal Theory .................................................................................................................. 57

      APPORTIONMENT OF LIABILITY

      TOPIC 1

      BASIC RULES OF COMPARATIVE RESPONSIBILITY

      § 4 A. Wrongful Acts Doctrine ......................................................................................... 63

      § 4 B. Criminal Conduct and Other Statutory Wrongs as Plaintiff Negligence Per Se .... 66

      Appendix ……………………………………….…….............................................………… 89

      LIABILITY FOR PHYSICAL AND EMOTIONAL HARM

      CHAPTER 11

      LIABILITY OF MEDICAL PROFESSIONALS AND INSTITUTIONS

      Introductory Note ............................................................................................................. 91

      § 1. Patient and Provider Defined .................................................................................... 93

      § 2. Patient-Care Relationship ....................................................................................... 100

      § 3. Duties to Patients and Others ................................................................................. 119

      LIABILITY FOR PHYSICAL AND EMOTIONAL HARM

      CHAPTER 8A

      INTERFERENCE WITH FAMILY RELATIONSHIPS

      § 48 D. Alienation of Spousal Affections Abolished ........................................................ 140

      § 48 E. Criminal Conversation Abolished ....................................................................... 147

      IMMUNITIES

      Special Note on Immunities ………………................................................………………. 155

      CHAPTER 1

      INTRA-FAMILY IMMUNITIES

      § 1. Spousal Immunity ..................................................................................................... 157

      § 2. Parental Immunity ..................................................................................................... 161

      § 3. Child Immunity .......................................................................................................... 164

      § 4. No Immunity for Other Familial Relationships ........................................................... 167

      CHAPTER 2

      MISCELLANEOUS IMMUNITIES

      § 5. Charitable Immunity .................................................................................................. 169

      § 6. Immunity of a Minor .................................................................................................. 171

      § 7. Immunity of an Actor with a Mental or Emotional Disability ...................................... 172

      CHAPTER 3

      GOVERNMENTAL ENTITIES AND PUBLIC OFFICIALS AND EMPLOYEES IMMUNITIES

      § 8. United States Immunity [to come] ............................................................................. 175

      § 9. State Immunity .......................................................................................................... 175

      § 10. Local Governmental Entity Immunity ...................................................................... 206

      § 11. Public Official and Employees Immunity [to come] ................................................. 250

      PARENTAL STANDARD OF CARE

      § 10A. Parental Standard of Care .................................................................................... 251

      LIABILITY FOR PHYSICAL AND EMOTIONAL HARM

      CHAPTER 8

      LIABILITY FOR EMOTIONAL HARM

      Introductory Note .............................................................................................................. 271

      § 48 A. Loss of Spousal Consortium ................................................................................ 272

      § 48 B. Loss of Child Consortium ..................................................................................... 297

      § 48 C. Loss of Parental Consortium ............................................................................... 308

      Appendix. Black Letter of Tentative Draft No. 1 .......................................................... 323

      Tentative Draft No. 1 includes material on Apportionment of Liability for Economic Harm; Wrongful Acts Doctrine; Liability of Medical Professionals and Institutions; Interference with Family Relationships; Immunities; Parental Standard of Care; and Consortium. The membership voted to approve this draft at the 2022 Annual Meeting, subject to the discussion at the Meeting and editorial prerogative. This material may be cited as representing the Institute’s position until the official text is published.

      354 pages, 2022, #1R3TCPTD1E

      TABLE OF CONTENTS

      Section                                                                                                                   Page

      Project Status at a Glance ........................................................................................ xv

      Foreword .................................................................................................................. xvi

      Reporters’ Memorandum ......................................................................................... xvii

      APPORTIONMENT OF LIABILITY

      TOPIC 6

      TORT CLAIMS FOR ECONOMIC HARM

      § 27. Apportionment of Liability for Tort Claims for Economic Harm—General
      Principle ........................................................................................................................ 1

      § 28. Apportionment of Liability Issues and Outline of This Topic ................................. 7

      § 29. Apportionment of Liability When Harm Can be Divided by Factual Causation .... 9

      § 30. Comparing Responsibility of Plaintiff and Intentional Tortfeasor Defendant ...... 17

      § 31. Comparing Responsibility of Plaintiff and Non-Intentional Tortfeasor
      Defendant .................................................................................................................... 24

      § 32. Joint and Several Liability of Intentional Tortfeasors ........................................... 35

      § 33. Comparative Responsibility Share of Non-Intentional Tortfeasor Defendant ...... 37

      § 34. Effect of Settlement on Apportionment of Liability ............................................... 45

      § 35. Indemnity ............................................................................................................. 48

      § 36. Contribution .......................................................................................................... 51

      § 37. Apportionment of Liability When a Plaintiff Prevails on More Than One
      Legal Theory .................................................................................................................. 57

      APPORTIONMENT OF LIABILITY

      TOPIC 1

      BASIC RULES OF COMPARATIVE RESPONSIBILITY

      § 4 A. Wrongful Acts Doctrine ......................................................................................... 63

      § 4 B. Criminal Conduct and Other Statutory Wrongs as Plaintiff Negligence Per Se .... 66

      Appendix ……………………………………….…….............................................………… 89

      LIABILITY FOR PHYSICAL AND EMOTIONAL HARM

      CHAPTER 11

      LIABILITY OF MEDICAL PROFESSIONALS AND INSTITUTIONS

      Introductory Note ............................................................................................................. 91

      § 1. Patient and Provider Defined .................................................................................... 93

      § 2. Patient-Care Relationship ....................................................................................... 100

      § 3. Duties to Patients and Others ................................................................................. 119

      LIABILITY FOR PHYSICAL AND EMOTIONAL HARM

      CHAPTER 8A

      INTERFERENCE WITH FAMILY RELATIONSHIPS

      § 48 D. Alienation of Spousal Affections Abolished ........................................................ 140

      § 48 E. Criminal Conversation Abolished ....................................................................... 147

      IMMUNITIES

      Special Note on Immunities ………………................................................………………. 155

      CHAPTER 1

      INTRA-FAMILY IMMUNITIES

      § 1. Spousal Immunity ..................................................................................................... 157

      § 2. Parental Immunity ..................................................................................................... 161

      § 3. Child Immunity .......................................................................................................... 164

      § 4. No Immunity for Other Familial Relationships ........................................................... 167

      CHAPTER 2

      MISCELLANEOUS IMMUNITIES

      § 5. Charitable Immunity .................................................................................................. 169

      § 6. Immunity of a Minor .................................................................................................. 171

      § 7. Immunity of an Actor with a Mental or Emotional Disability ...................................... 172

      CHAPTER 3

      GOVERNMENTAL ENTITIES AND PUBLIC OFFICIALS AND EMPLOYEES IMMUNITIES

      § 8. United States Immunity [to come] ............................................................................. 175

      § 9. State Immunity .......................................................................................................... 175

      § 10. Local Governmental Entity Immunity ...................................................................... 206

      § 11. Public Official and Employees Immunity [to come] ................................................. 250

      PARENTAL STANDARD OF CARE

      § 10A. Parental Standard of Care .................................................................................... 251

      LIABILITY FOR PHYSICAL AND EMOTIONAL HARM

      CHAPTER 8

      LIABILITY FOR EMOTIONAL HARM

      Introductory Note .............................................................................................................. 271

      § 48 A. Loss of Spousal Consortium ................................................................................ 272

      § 48 B. Loss of Child Consortium ..................................................................................... 297

      § 48 C. Loss of Parental Consortium ............................................................................... 308

      Appendix. Black Letter of Tentative Draft No. 1 .......................................................... 323

      Tentative Draft No. 1 includes material on Apportionment of Liability for Economic Harm; Wrongful Acts Doctrine; Liability of Medical Professionals and Institutions; Interference with Family Relationships; Immunities; Parental Standard of Care; and Consortium. The membership voted to approve this draft at the 2022 Annual Meeting, subject to the discussion at the Meeting and editorial prerogative. This material may be cited as representing the Institute’s position until the official text is published.