Restatement of the Law,

Copyright

This Restatement will encompass general copyright law.
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  •  
    Tentative Draft No. 5
    Tentative Draft No. 5
    406 pages, 2024, #1RCRTD5

    Table of Contents

    Section                                                                                                                                                  Page

    Project Status at a Glance ....................................................................................................................... xv

    Foreword ................................................................................................................................................ xvii

    Reporters’ Memorandum ......................................................................................................................... xix

     

    Chapter 2. Scope of Protection

    § 12. Copyright in a Work Protects Original Expression but Does Not Extend to Ideas or Other
    Excluded Elements .................................................................................................................................... 1

    § 17. Merger ............................................................................................................................................. 11

    § 18. Scènes à Faire ............................................................................................................................... 30

    Chapter 6. Copyright Rights and Limitations

    § 55. Copyright Rights and Limitations: Generally [for reference only] ................................................... 55

    § 6.03. The Copyright Owner’s Exclusive Right to Prepare Derivative Works ........................................ 59

    § 6.10. The Copyright Owner’s Exclusive Public Performance Right of a Sound Recording by Means
    of a Digital Audio Transmission ............................................................................................................... 87

    § 6.13. Other Limitations on Copyright Rights ......................................................................................... 95

    Chapter 7. Copyright Infringement

    § 7.01. Copyright Infringement: Generally [for reference only; approved in Tentative Draft No. 4
    (2023)] ................................................................................................................................................... 130

    § 7.05. Defenses to Copyright Infringement .......................................................................................... 146

    § 7.06. Criminal Infringement of Copyright ............................................................................................ 176

    Chapter 8. Secondary Liability

    § 8.01. Secondary Liability for Copyright Infringement .......................................................................... 190

    § 8.02. Contributory Copyright Infringement .......................................................................................... 198

    Chapter 10. Safe Harbors, Copyright Protection Systems, and Copyright
    Management Information

    § 10.03. Integrity of Copyright Management Information ...................................................................... 221

    Chapter 11. Procedural Issues and Relationship to Other Bodies of Law

    § 11.01. The Right to Sue for Copyright Infringement (“Statutory Standing”) ........................................ 255

     

    Appendix A. Statutory Appendix ........................................................................................................ 272

    Appendix B. Black Letter of Tentative Draft No. 5 ............................................................................ 345

    Appendix C. Black Letter of Sections Approved by Membership ................................................... 354

    Tentative Draft No. 5 contains material from Chapter 2, Scope of Protection, Chapter 6, Copyright Rights and Limitations, Chapter 7, Copyright Infringement, Chapter 8, Secondary Liability, Chapter 10, Safe Harbors, Copyright Protection Systems, and Copyright Management Information, and Chapter 11, Procedural Issues and Relationship to Other Bodies of Law. The membership voted to approve this draft at the 2024 Annual Meeting subject to the discussion at the Meeting and editorial prerogative. This material may be cited as representing the Institute’s position until the official text is published.

    406 pages, 2024, #1RCRTD5E

    Table of Contents

    Section                                                                                                                                                  Page

    Project Status at a Glance ....................................................................................................................... xv

    Foreword ................................................................................................................................................ xvii

    Reporters’ Memorandum ......................................................................................................................... xix

     

    Chapter 2. Scope of Protection

    § 12. Copyright in a Work Protects Original Expression but Does Not Extend to Ideas or Other
    Excluded Elements .................................................................................................................................... 1

    § 17. Merger ............................................................................................................................................. 11

    § 18. Scènes à Faire ............................................................................................................................... 30

    Chapter 6. Copyright Rights and Limitations

    § 55. Copyright Rights and Limitations: Generally [for reference only] ................................................... 55

    § 6.03. The Copyright Owner’s Exclusive Right to Prepare Derivative Works ........................................ 59

    § 6.10. The Copyright Owner’s Exclusive Public Performance Right of a Sound Recording by Means
    of a Digital Audio Transmission ............................................................................................................... 87

    § 6.13. Other Limitations on Copyright Rights ......................................................................................... 95

    Chapter 7. Copyright Infringement

    § 7.01. Copyright Infringement: Generally [for reference only; approved in Tentative Draft No. 4
    (2023)] ................................................................................................................................................... 130

    § 7.05. Defenses to Copyright Infringement .......................................................................................... 146

    § 7.06. Criminal Infringement of Copyright ............................................................................................ 176

    Chapter 8. Secondary Liability

    § 8.01. Secondary Liability for Copyright Infringement .......................................................................... 190

    § 8.02. Contributory Copyright Infringement .......................................................................................... 198

    Chapter 10. Safe Harbors, Copyright Protection Systems, and Copyright
    Management Information

    § 10.03. Integrity of Copyright Management Information ...................................................................... 221

    Chapter 11. Procedural Issues and Relationship to Other Bodies of Law

    § 11.01. The Right to Sue for Copyright Infringement (“Statutory Standing”) ........................................ 255

     

    Appendix A. Statutory Appendix ........................................................................................................ 272

    Appendix B. Black Letter of Tentative Draft No. 5 ............................................................................ 345

    Appendix C. Black Letter of Sections Approved by Membership ................................................... 354

    Tentative Draft No. 5 contains material from Chapter 2, Scope of Protection, Chapter 6, Copyright Rights and Limitations, Chapter 7, Copyright Infringement, Chapter 8, Secondary Liability, Chapter 10, Safe Harbors, Copyright Protection Systems, and Copyright Management Information, and Chapter 11, Procedural Issues and Relationship to Other Bodies of Law. The membership voted to approve this draft at the 2024 Annual Meeting subject to the discussion at the Meeting and editorial prerogative. This material may be cited as representing the Institute’s position until the official text is published.

     
  •  
    Tentative Draft No. 4 Revised
    494 pages, 2023, #1RCRTD4ER

    Table of Contents

    Section                                                                                                                                                                                   Page

    Project Status at a Glance ........................................................................................................................................................ xv

    Foreword ................................................................................................................................................................................. xvi

    Reporters’ Memorandum ....................................................................................................................................................... xviii

    Chapter 4

    Copyright Formalities

    § 40. Copyright Formalities [for reference only] ............................................................................................................... 1

    § 42. Use of Copyright Notice On or After January 1, 1978, and Before March 1, 1989 ................................................ 11

    § 43. Use of Copyright Notice On or After March 1, 1989 .............................................................................................. 48

    § 44. Form and Position of Copyright Notice On or After January 1, 1978 .................................................................... 55

    § 45. Registration of Copyright Claims On or After January 1, 1978 ............................................................................. 67

    Chapter 5

    Duration of Copyright

    § 49. Duration of Copyright: Generally ......................................................................................................................... 104

    § 52. Term of Copyright for Works Copyrighted Before January 1, 1978 ..................................................................... 108

    Chapter 6

    Copyright Rights and Limitations

    § 55. Copyright Rights and Limitations: Generally [for reference only] ........................................................................ 129

    § 6.05. Importation and Exportation ............................................................................................................................. 133

    § 6.07. The Copyright Owner’s Exclusive Right of Public Performance ...................................................................... 139

    § 6.08. The Copyright Owner’s Exclusive Public Display Right ................................................................................... 151

    § 6.11. Rights of Author of a Statutory Work of Visual Art ............................................................................................ 159

    Chapter 7

    Copyright Infringement

    § 7.01. Copyright Infringement: Generally .................................................................................................................... 180

    § 7.02. Proving Ownership of a Valid Copyright ........................................................................................................... 196

    § 7.03. Copying in Fact ................................................................................................................................................ 217

    § 7.04. Improper Appropriation ..................................................................................................................................... 238

    § 7.07. Violation of the Attribution and Integrity Rights Granted to Author of a Statutory Work of Visual Art ............... 272

    Appendix A. Statutory Appendix ........................................................................................................................................ 282

    Appendix B. Black Letter of Tentative Draft No. 4 Revised ............................................................................................. 430

    Appendix C. Black Letter of Sections Approved by Membership ................................................................................... 443

    Tentative Draft No. 4 Revised contains material from Chapter 4, Copyright Formalities; Chapter 5, Duration of Copyright; Chapter 6, Copyright Rights and Limitations; and Chapter 7, Copyright Infringement. The membership voted to approve this draft at the 2023 Annual Meeting, subject to the discussion at the Meeting and editorial prerogative. This draft has been revised based on the discussion at the Meeting. This material may be cited as representing the Institute’s position until the official text is published.

     
  •  
    Tentative Draft No. 4
    Tentative Draft No. 4
    486 pages, 2023, #1RCRTD4

    Table of Contents

    Section                                                                                                                                        Page

    Project Status at a Glance.............................................................................................................. xv

    Foreword....................................................................................................................................... xvi

    Reporters’ Memorandum............................................................................................................ xviii

    Chapter 4

    Copyright Formalities

    § 40. Copyright Formalities [for reference only] (reprinted from T.D. No. 3 Revised) (approved 2022)............................................................................................................................................ 1

    § 42. Use of Copyright Notice On or After January 1, 1978, and Before March 1, 1989............ 11

    § 43. Use of Copyright Notice On or After March 1, 1989........................................................... 48

    § 44. Form and Position of Copyright Notice On or After January 1, 1978................................. 55

    § 45. Registration of Copyright Claims On or After January 1, 1978........................................... 67

    Chapter 5

    Duration of Copyright

    § 49. Duration of Copyright: Generally....................................................................................... 104

    § 52. Term of Copyright for Works Copyrighted Before January 1, 1978................................. 108

    Chapter 6

    Copyright Rights and Limitations

    § 55. Copyright Rights and Limitations: Generally [for reference only].................................... 129

    § 6.05. Importation and Exportation........................................................................................... 133

    § 6.07. The Copyright Owner’s Exclusive Right of Public Performance................................... 139

    § 6.08. The Copyright Owner’s Exclusive Public Display Right............................................... 151

    § 6.11. Rights of Author of a Statutory Work of Visual Art....................................................... 159

    Chapter 7

    Copyright Infringement

    § 7.01. Copyright Infringement: Generally................................................................................. 180

    § 7.02. Proving Ownership of a Valid Copyright........................................................................ 196

    § 7.03. Copying in Fact............................................................................................................... 217

    § 7.04. Improper Appropriation................................................................................................... 238

    § 7.07. Violation of the Attribution and Integrity Rights Granted to Author of a Statutory Work of Visual Art........................................................................................................................ 272

    Appendix A. Statutory Appendix.......................................................................................... .. 282

    Appendix B. Black Letter of Tentative Draft No. 4............................................................ .. 430

    Appendix C. Black Letter of Sections Approved by Membership..................................... .. 443

    Tentative Draft No. 4 contains material from Chapter 4, Copyright Formalities; Chapter 5, Duration of Copyright; Chapter 6, Copyright Rights and Limitations; and Chapter 7, Copyright Infringement. The membership voted to approve this draft at the 2023 Annual Meeting, subject to the discussion at the Meeting and editorial prerogative. This material may be cited as representing the Institute’s position until the official text is published.

    486 pages, 2023, #1RCRTD4E

    Table of Contents

    Section                                                                                                                                        Page

    Project Status at a Glance.............................................................................................................. xv

    Foreword....................................................................................................................................... xvi

    Reporters’ Memorandum............................................................................................................ xviii

    Chapter 4

    Copyright Formalities

    § 40. Copyright Formalities [for reference only] (reprinted from T.D. No. 3 Revised) (approved 2022)............................................................................................................................................ 1

    § 42. Use of Copyright Notice On or After January 1, 1978, and Before March 1, 1989............ 11

    § 43. Use of Copyright Notice On or After March 1, 1989........................................................... 48

    § 44. Form and Position of Copyright Notice On or After January 1, 1978................................. 55

    § 45. Registration of Copyright Claims On or After January 1, 1978........................................... 67

    Chapter 5

    Duration of Copyright

    § 49. Duration of Copyright: Generally....................................................................................... 104

    § 52. Term of Copyright for Works Copyrighted Before January 1, 1978................................. 108

    Chapter 6

    Copyright Rights and Limitations

    § 55. Copyright Rights and Limitations: Generally [for reference only].................................... 129

    § 6.05. Importation and Exportation........................................................................................... 133

    § 6.07. The Copyright Owner’s Exclusive Right of Public Performance................................... 139

    § 6.08. The Copyright Owner’s Exclusive Public Display Right............................................... 151

    § 6.11. Rights of Author of a Statutory Work of Visual Art....................................................... 159

    Chapter 7

    Copyright Infringement

    § 7.01. Copyright Infringement: Generally................................................................................. 180

    § 7.02. Proving Ownership of a Valid Copyright........................................................................ 196

    § 7.03. Copying in Fact............................................................................................................... 217

    § 7.04. Improper Appropriation................................................................................................... 238

    § 7.07. Violation of the Attribution and Integrity Rights Granted to Author of a Statutory Work of Visual Art........................................................................................................................ 272

    Appendix A. Statutory Appendix.......................................................................................... .. 282

    Appendix B. Black Letter of Tentative Draft No. 4............................................................ .. 430

    Appendix C. Black Letter of Sections Approved by Membership..................................... .. 443

    Tentative Draft No. 4 contains material from Chapter 4, Copyright Formalities; Chapter 5, Duration of Copyright; Chapter 6, Copyright Rights and Limitations; and Chapter 7, Copyright Infringement. The membership voted to approve this draft at the 2023 Annual Meeting, subject to the discussion at the Meeting and editorial prerogative. This material may be cited as representing the Institute’s position until the official text is published.

     
  •  
    Tentative Draft No. 3 Revised
    446 pages, 2022, #1RCRTD3ER

    TABLE OF CONTENTS

    Section                                                                                                                          Page

    Project Status at a Glance .............................................................................................. xv

    Foreword ........................................................................................................................ xvi

    Reporters’ Memorandum .............................................................................................. xviii

    CHAPTER 1

    SUBJECT MATTER AND STANDARDS: GENERALLY

    § 10. Excluded Subject Matter: Edicts of Law and Government Edicts ............................ 1

    CHAPTER 2

    SUBJECT MATTER OF COPYRIGHT: SCOPE OF PROTECTION

    § 15. Exclusion of Methods from Scope of Copyright Protection .................................... 18

    CHAPTER 3

    INITIAL OWNERSHIP, TRANSFERS, VOLUNTARY LICENSES, AND TERMINATION OF GRANTS

    § 20. Initial Ownership, Transfer, and Licensing of Copyright: Generally

    [Section 20 was approved at the 2021 Annual Meeting; Comment g is new.] ................. 28

    § 27. Nonexclusive Licenses ........................................................................................... 37

    § 28. Law Governing the Interpretation of Transfers and Nonexclusive Licenses ........... 49

    § 29. Statutory Rights to Terminate Transfers and Licenses ............................................ 55

    CHAPTER 4

    COPYRIGHT FORMALITIES

    § 40. Copyright Formalities ............................................................................................... 77

    § 41. Publication On or After January 1, 1978 .................................................................. 87

    § 46. Publication from July 1, 1909, to December 31, 1977 ........................................... 103

    § 47. Use, Form, and Placement of Copyright Notice from July 1, 1909, to
    December 31, 1977 ........................................................................................................ 120

    § 48. Registration of Copyright Claims from July 1, 1909, to December 31, 1977 .......... 127

    CHAPTER 5

    DURATION OF COPYRIGHT

    § 50. Term of Copyright for Works Created On or After January 1, 1978 ......................... 131

    § 51. Term of Copyright for Works Created but Not Published or Copyrighted
    Before January 1, 1978 .................................................................................................... 140

    § 53. Duration: Derivative Works and Compilations ......................................................... 146

    § 54. Abandonment of Copyright Rights ........................................................................... 150

    CHAPTER 6

    COPYRIGHT RIGHTS AND LIMITATIONS

    § 56. The Copyright Owner’s Exclusive Right of Reproduction .......................................... 161

    § 57. The Copyright Owner’s Exclusive Right to Distribute Copies or
    Phonorecords of the Work to the Public .............................................................................. 171

    § 59. First Sale Limitation on the Copyright Owner’s Exclusive Right to Distribute
    Copies or Phonorecords of the Work to the Public .............................................................. 184

    CHAPTER 9

    COPYRIGHT REMEDIES

    § 9.01. Remedies for Copyright Infringement ........................................................................ 195

    § 9.02. Injunctive Relief in Copyright Cases .......................................................................... 202

    § 9.03. Monetary Relief: Actual Damages and Profits ........................................................... 230

    § 9.04. Monetary Relief: Statutory Damages ......................................................................... 263

    § 9.05. Impoundment and Disposition .................................................................................... 295

    § 9.06. Costs, Including Attorney’s Fees ................................................................................ 309

    Appendix A. Statutory Appendix ................................................................................. 326

    Appendix B. Black Letter of Tentative Draft No. 3 Revised ...................................... 402

    Appendix C. Black Letter of Sections Approved by Membership ............................ 415

    Tentative Draft No. 3 Revised contains Chapter 1, Subject Matter and Standards: Generally (§ 10); Chapter 2, Subject Matter of Copyright: Scope of Protection (§ 15); Chapter 3, Initial Ownership, Transfers, Voluntary Licenses, and Termination of Grants (§ 20, Comment g; §§ 27-29); Chapter 4, Copyright Formalities (§§ 40, 41, 46-48); Chapter 5, Duration of Copyright (§§ 50, 51, 53, 54); Chapter 6, Copyright Rights and Limitations (§§ 56, 57, 59); Chapter 9, Copyright Remedies (§§ 9.01-9.04; § 9.05 (previously § 9.06) and § 9.06 (previously § 9.05)). The membership voted to approve this draft at the 2022 Annual Meeting, subject to the discussion at the Meeting and editorial prerogative. This draft has been revised based on the discussion at the Meeting. This material may be cited as representing the Institute’s position until the official text is published.

     
  •  
    Tentative Draft No. 3
    Tentative Draft No. 3
    472 pages, 2022, #1RCRTD3

    TABLE OF CONTENTS

    Section                                                                                                                Page

    Project Status at a Glance .................................................................................... xvi

    Foreword .............................................................................................................. xvii

    Reporters’ Memorandum ....................................................................................... xix

    CHAPTER 1

    SUBJECT MATTER AND STANDARDS: GENERALLY

    § 10. Excluded Subject Matter: Edicts of Law and Government Edicts .................... 1

    CHAPTER 2

    SUBJECT MATTER OF COPYRIGHT: SCOPE OF PROTECTION

    § 12. Copyright that Subsists in a Work Protects Original Expression but Does
    Not Extend to Ideas or Other Excluded Elements [For Reference Only]  ................ 18

    § 15. Exclusion of Methods from Scope of Copyright Protection ............................. 28

    CHAPTER 3

    INITIAL OWNERSHIP, TRANSFERS, VOLUNTARY LICENSES, AND TERMINATION OF GRANTS

    § 20. Initial Ownership, Transfer, and Licensing of Copyright: Generally 
    [Section 20 was approved at the 2021 Annual Meeting; Comment g is new.] .......... 38

    § 27. Nonexclusive Licenses .................................................................................... 47

    § 28. Law Governing the Interpretation of Transfers and Nonexclusive Licenses ... 59

    § 29. Statutory Rights to Terminate Transfers and Licenses .................................... 65

    CHAPTER 4

    COPYRIGHT FORMALITIES

    § 40. Copyright Formalities ........................................................................................ 86

    § 41. Publication On or After January 1, 1978 ........................................................... 97

    § 46. Publication from July 1, 1909, to December 31, 1977 .................................... 116

    § 47. Use, Form, and Placement of Copyright Notice from July 1, 1909, to
    December 31, 1977 .................................................................................................. 133

    § 48. Registration of Copyright Claims from July 1, 1909, to
    December 31, 1977 .................................................................................................. 139

    CHAPTER 5

    DURATION OF COPYRIGHT

    § 49. Duration of Copyright: Generally [For Reference Only] ..................................... 143

    § 50. Term of Copyright for Works Created On or After January 1, 1978 ................... 147

    § 51. Term of Copyright for Works Created but Not Published or Copyrighted
    Before January 1, 1978 .............................................................................................. 156

    § 53. Duration: Derivative Works and Compilations .................................................... 162

    § 54. Abandonment of Copyright Rights ...................................................................... 166

    CHAPTER 6

    COPYRIGHT RIGHTS AND LIMITATIONS

    § 55. Copyright Rights and Limitations: Generally [For Reference Only] ...................... 177

    § 56. The Copyright Owner’s Exclusive Right of Reproduction ..................................... 181

    § 57. The Copyright Owner’s Exclusive Right to Distribute Copies or
    Phonorecords of the Work to the Public ........................................................................ 191

    § 59. First Sale Limitation on the Copyright Owner’s Exclusive Right to
    Distribute Copies or Phonorecords of the Work to the Public ....................................... 204

    CHAPTER 9

    COPYRIGHT REMEDIES

    § 9.01. Remedies for Copyright Infringement ...................................................................... 215

    § 9.02. Injunctive Relief in Copyright Cases ........................................................................ 222

    § 9.03. Monetary Relief: Actual Damages and Profits ......................................................... 250

    § 9.04. Monetary Relief: Statutory Damages ....................................................................... 284

    § 9.05. Costs, Including Attorney’s Fees .............................................................................. 316

    § 9.06. Impoundment and Disposition .................................................................................. 333

    Appendix A. Statutory Appendix ................................................................................ 347

    Appendix B. Black Letter of Tentative Draft No. 3 ..................................................... 423

    Appendix C. Black Letter of Sections Approved by Membership ............................ 439

    Tentative Draft No. 3 contains material from Chapter 1,  Subject Matter and Standards: Generally; Chapter 2, Subject Matter of Copyright: Scope of Protection; Chapter 3, Initial Ownership, Transfers, Voluntary Licenses, and Termination of Grants; Chapter 4, Copyright Formalities; Chapter 5, Duration of Copyright; Chapter 6, Copyright Rights and Limitations; and Chapter 9, Copyright Remedies. The membership voted to approve this draft at the 2022 Annual Meeting, subject to the discussion at the Meeting and editorial prerogative. This material may be cited as representing the Institute’s position until the official text is published.

    472 pages, 2022, #1RCRTD3E

    TABLE OF CONTENTS

    Section                                                                                                                Page

    Project Status at a Glance .................................................................................... xvi

    Foreword .............................................................................................................. xvii

    Reporters’ Memorandum ....................................................................................... xix

    CHAPTER 1

    SUBJECT MATTER AND STANDARDS: GENERALLY

    § 10. Excluded Subject Matter: Edicts of Law and Government Edicts .................... 1

    CHAPTER 2

    SUBJECT MATTER OF COPYRIGHT: SCOPE OF PROTECTION

    § 12. Copyright that Subsists in a Work Protects Original Expression but Does
    Not Extend to Ideas or Other Excluded Elements [For Reference Only]  ................ 18

    § 15. Exclusion of Methods from Scope of Copyright Protection ............................. 28

    CHAPTER 3

    INITIAL OWNERSHIP, TRANSFERS, VOLUNTARY LICENSES, AND TERMINATION OF GRANTS

    § 20. Initial Ownership, Transfer, and Licensing of Copyright: Generally 
    [Section 20 was approved at the 2021 Annual Meeting; Comment g is new.] .......... 38

    § 27. Nonexclusive Licenses .................................................................................... 47

    § 28. Law Governing the Interpretation of Transfers and Nonexclusive Licenses ... 59

    § 29. Statutory Rights to Terminate Transfers and Licenses .................................... 65

    CHAPTER 4

    COPYRIGHT FORMALITIES

    § 40. Copyright Formalities ........................................................................................ 86

    § 41. Publication On or After January 1, 1978 ........................................................... 97

    § 46. Publication from July 1, 1909, to December 31, 1977 .................................... 116

    § 47. Use, Form, and Placement of Copyright Notice from July 1, 1909, to
    December 31, 1977 .................................................................................................. 133

    § 48. Registration of Copyright Claims from July 1, 1909, to
    December 31, 1977 .................................................................................................. 139

    CHAPTER 5

    DURATION OF COPYRIGHT

    § 49. Duration of Copyright: Generally [For Reference Only] ..................................... 143

    § 50. Term of Copyright for Works Created On or After January 1, 1978 ................... 147

    § 51. Term of Copyright for Works Created but Not Published or Copyrighted
    Before January 1, 1978 .............................................................................................. 156

    § 53. Duration: Derivative Works and Compilations .................................................... 162

    § 54. Abandonment of Copyright Rights ...................................................................... 166

    CHAPTER 6

    COPYRIGHT RIGHTS AND LIMITATIONS

    § 55. Copyright Rights and Limitations: Generally [For Reference Only] ...................... 177

    § 56. The Copyright Owner’s Exclusive Right of Reproduction ..................................... 181

    § 57. The Copyright Owner’s Exclusive Right to Distribute Copies or
    Phonorecords of the Work to the Public ........................................................................ 191

    § 59. First Sale Limitation on the Copyright Owner’s Exclusive Right to
    Distribute Copies or Phonorecords of the Work to the Public ....................................... 204

    CHAPTER 9

    COPYRIGHT REMEDIES

    § 9.01. Remedies for Copyright Infringement ...................................................................... 215

    § 9.02. Injunctive Relief in Copyright Cases ........................................................................ 222

    § 9.03. Monetary Relief: Actual Damages and Profits ......................................................... 250

    § 9.04. Monetary Relief: Statutory Damages ....................................................................... 284

    § 9.05. Costs, Including Attorney’s Fees .............................................................................. 316

    § 9.06. Impoundment and Disposition .................................................................................. 333

    Appendix A. Statutory Appendix ................................................................................ 347

    Appendix B. Black Letter of Tentative Draft No. 3 ..................................................... 423

    Appendix C. Black Letter of Sections Approved by Membership ............................ 439

    Tentative Draft No. 3 contains material from Chapter 1,Subject Matter and Standards: Generally; Chapter 2, Subject Matter of Copyright: Scope of Protection; Chapter 3, Initial Ownership, Transfers, Voluntary Licenses, and Termination of Grants; Chapter 4, Copyright Formalities; Chapter 5, Duration of Copyright; Chapter 6, Copyright Rights and Limitations; and Chapter 9, Copyright Remedies. The membership voted to approve this draft at the 2022 Annual Meeting, subject to the discussion at the Meeting and editorial prerogative. This material may be cited as representing the Institute’s position until the official text is published.

     
  •  
    Tentative Draft No. 2 Revised
    376 pages, 2022, #1RCRTD2ER

    TABLE OF CONTENTS

    Section                                                                                                             Page

    Project Status at a Glance .................................................................................. xv

    Foreword ............................................................................................................ xvi

    Reporters’ Memorandum .................................................................................. xviii

    CHAPTER 1

    SUBJECT MATTER AND STANDARDS: GENERALLY

    § 1. How Copyright Protection Arises .................................................................... 1

    § 2. Types of Works Protected ............................................................................. 10

    § 3. Works Incorporating Preexisting Material: Derivative Works ........................ 27

    § 4. Works Incorporating Preexisting Material: Compilations ............................... 45

    § 5. Originality: In General .................................................................................... 56

    § 6. Originality: Independent-Creation Requirement ............................................. 59

    § 7. Originality: Minimal-Creativity Requirement .................................................... 64

    § 8. Fixation ............................................................................................................ 75

    § 9. Excluded Subject Matter: Works of the United States Government ................. 91

    § 11. National-Origin Eligibility ............................................................................... 108

    CHAPTER 2

    SUBJECT MATTER OF COPYRIGHT: SCOPE OF PROTECTION

    § 12. Copyright that Subsists in a Work Protects Original Expression but Does
    Not Extend to Ideas or Other Excluded Elements [For Discussion Only]  ........... 117

    § 13. Copyright Protects Expression ....................................................................... 127

    § 14. Exclusion of Ideas from Scope of Copyright Protection .................................. 131

    § 16. Exclusion of Facts from Scope of Copyright Protection .................................. 134

    § 19. Pictorial, Graphic, and Sculptural Features in the Design of Useful Articles ....142

    CHAPTER 3

    INITIAL OWNERSHIP, TRANSFERS, VOLUNTARY LICENSES, AND TERMINATION OF GRANTS

    § 20. Initial Ownership, Transfer, and Licensing of Copyright: Generally .................. 165

    § 21. Initial Ownership by Sole Authorship ................................................................ 173

    § 22. Joint Works ....................................................................................................... 179

    § 23. Ownership of Copyright in a Joint Work ............................................................ 201

    § 24. Works Made for Hire .......................................................................................... 222

    § 25. Transfers of Copyright ........................................................................................ 247

    § 26. The Written Instrument Requirement .................................................................. 265

    § 27. Nonexclusive Licenses
    [§ 27 was not considered at the 2021 Annual Meeting before time expired........ 282

    § 28. Law Governing the Interpretation of Transfers and Nonexclusive Licenses
    [§ 28 was not considered at the 2021 Annual Meeting before time expired........ 294

    § 29. Statutory Rights to Terminate Transfers and Licenses
    [§ 29 was not considered at the 2021 Annual Meeting before time expired........ 300

    Appendix A. Chapter 1 Statutory Appendix .......................................................... 321

    Appendix B. Chapter 2 Statutory Appendix .......................................................... 330

    Appendix C. Chapter 3 Statutory Appendix ........................................................... 333

    Appendix D. Black Letter of Tentative Draft No. 2 Revised ................................... 343

    Revised Tentative Draft No. 2 contains Chapter 1, Subject Matter and Standards: Generally (§§ 1-9, 11); Chapter 2, Subject Matter of Copyright: Scope of Protection (§ 12 (for discussion only); §§ 13, 14, 16, 19); and Chapter 3, Initial Ownership, Transfers, Voluntary Licenses, and Termination of Grants (§§ 20-29). The membership voted to approve Sections 1-9, 11, 13, 14, 16, 19, and 20-26 of this draft at the 2021 Annual Meeting, subject to motions to amend the draft passed at the Annual Meeting, the discussion at the Meeting, and editorial prerogative. Time expired before Sections 27-29 were discussed. This draft has been revised to include the approved amended text. The approved material may be cited as representing the Institute’s position until the official text is published.

     
  •  
    Tentative Draft No. 2
    376 pages, 2021, #1RCRTD2E

    TABLE OF CONTENTS

    Section                                                                                                                     Page

    Project Status at a Glance ........................................................................................ xvii

    Foreword .................................................................................................................... xix

    Reporters’ Memorandum ........................................................................................... xxi

    CHAPTER 1

    SUBJECT MATTER AND STANDARDS: GENERALLY

    § 1. How Copyright Protection Arises .......................................................................... 1

    § 2. Types of Works Protected ................................................................................... 10

    § 3. Works Incorporating Preexisting Material: Derivative Works .............................. 27

    § 4. Works Incorporating Preexisting Material: Compilations .................................... 45

    § 5. Originality: In General ......................................................................................... 56

    § 6. Originality: Independent-Creation Requirement ................................................. 59

    § 7. Originality: Minimal-Creativity Requirement ....................................................... 64

    § 8. Fixation ............................................................................................................... 75

    § 9. Excluded Subject Matter: Works of the United States Government ................... 91

    § 11. National-Origin Eligibility ................................................................................. 108

    CHAPTER 2

    SUBJECT MATTER OF COPYRIGHT: SCOPE OF PROTECTION

    § 12. Copyright that Subsists in a Work Protects Original Expression but Does
    Not Extend to Ideas or Other Excluded Elements [For Discussion Only] .............. 117

    § 13. Copyright Protects Expression ......................................................................... 127

    § 14. Exclusion of Ideas from Scope of Copyright Protection ................................... 131

    § 16. Exclusion of Facts from Scope of Copyright Protection ................................... 134

    § 19. Pictorial, Graphic, and Sculptural Features in the Design of Useful Articles .... 142

    CHAPTER 3

    INITIAL OWNERSHIP, TRANSFERS, VOLUNTARY LICENSES, AND TERMINATION OF GRANTS

    § 20. Initial Ownership, Transfer, and Licensing of Copyright: Generally .................. 165

    § 21. Initial Ownership by Sole Authorship ................................................................ 173

    § 22. Joint Works ....................................................................................................... 179

    § 23. Ownership of Copyright in a Joint Work ........................................................... 201

    § 24. Works Made for Hire ........................................................................................ 222

    § 25. Transfers of Copyright ...................................................................................... 246

    § 26. The Written Instrument Requirement ............................................................... 263

    § 27. Nonexclusive Licenses ..................................................................................... 280

    § 28. Law Governing the Interpretation of Transfers and Nonexclusive Licenses ..... 292

    § 29. Statutory Rights to Terminate Transfers and Licenses ..................................... 297

    Appendix A. Chapter 1 Statutory Appendix ............................................................... 319

    Appendix B. Chapter 2 Statutory Appendix ............................................................... 327

    Appendix C. Chapter 3 Statutory Appendix ............................................................... 331

    Appendix D. Black Letter of Tentative Draft No. 2 ..................................................... 341

    Tentative Draft No. 2 contains Chapter 1, Subject Matter and Standards: Generally (§§ 1-9, 11); Chapter 2, Subject Matter of Copyright: Scope of Protection (§ 12 (for discussion only); §§ 13, 14, 16, 19); and Chapter 3, Initial Ownership, Transfers, Voluntary Licenses, and Termination of Grants (§§ 20-29). The membership voted to approve Sections 1-9, 11, 13, 14, 16, 19, and 20-26 of this draft at the 2021 Annual Meeting, subject to motions to amend the draft passed at the Annual Meeting, the discussion at the Meeting, and editorial prerogative. Time expired before Sections 27-29 were discussed. The approved material may be cited as representing the Institute’s position until the official text is published.

     
  •  
    Tentative Draft No. 1
    #1RCRTD1E

    TABLE OF CONTENTS

    Section                                                                                                                        Page

    Project Status at Glance ................................................................................................ xv

    Drafts That Were Scheduled for Submission at the 2020 Annual Meeting .................. xvii

    CHAPTER 1

    SUBJECT MATTER AND STANDARDS: GENERALLY

    § 1. How Copyright Protection Arises ............................................................................... 1

    § 2. Types of Works Protected .......................................................................................... 9

    § 3. Works Incorporating Preexisting Material: Derivative Works ................................... 26

    § 4. Works Incorporating Preexisting Material: Compilations .......................................... 44

    § 5. Originality: In General ............................................................................................... 55

    § 6. Originality: Independent-Creation Requirement ........................................................ 58

    § 7. Originality: Minimal-Creativity Requirement .............................................................. 63

    § 8. Fixation ...................................................................................................................... 74

    § 9. Excluded Subject Matter: Works of the United States Government .......................... 89

    § 11. National-Origin Eligibility ........................................................................................ 106

    CHAPTER 2

    SUBJECT MATTER OF COPYRIGHT: SCOPE OF PROTECTION

    § 12. Copyright that Subsists in a Work Protects Original Expression But Does Not
    Extend to Ideas or Other Excluded Elements ................................................................ 115

    § 13. Copyright Protects Expression .............................................................................. 125

    § 14. Exclusion of Ideas from Scope of Copyright Protection ........................................ 129

    § 19. Pictorial, Graphic, and Sculptural Features in the Design of Useful Articles ....... 132

    CHAPTER 3

    INTIAL OWNERSHIP, TRANSFERS, LICENSES, TERMINATION OF GRANTS, AND ABANDONMENT

    § 20. Initial Ownership, Transfer, and Licensing of Copyright: Generally 
    [For Discussion Only] 
    ........................................................................................................... 155

    § 21. Initial Ownership by Sole Authorship .............................................................................. 159

    § 22. Joint Works ..................................................................................................................... 165

    § 23. Ownership of Copyright in a Joint Work .......................................................................... 187

    § 24. Works Made for Hire ........................................................................................................ 208

    § 25. Transfers of Copyright ...................................................................................................... 232

    § 26. The Written Instrument Requirement ............................................................................... 249

    Appendix A. Chapter 1 Statutory Appendix ................................................................ 267

    Appendix B. Chapter 2 Statutory Appendix ................................................................ 275

    Appendix C. Chapter 3 Statutory Appendix ................................................................ 279

    Appendix D. Black Letter of Tentative Draft No. 1 ...................................................... 287

    Tentative Draft No. 1 contains §§ 1-9 and 11 of Chapter 1, Subject Matter and Standards: Generally; §§ 12-14 and 19 of Chapter 2, Subject Matter of Copyright: Scope of Protection; and §§ 20 (for discussion only) and 21-26 of Chapter 3, Initial Ownership, Transfers, Licenses, Termination of Grants, and Abandonment. This draft was prepared for consideration at the 2020 Annual Meeting, which was cancelled. The draft has not been considered by the membership of ALI and therefore does not represent the position of the Institute on any of the issues with which it deals. The draft may be revised or supplemented prior to consideration by the membership in 2021.