Restatement of the Law,

Children and the Law

This Restatement will deal comprehensively with the legal regulation of children, rather than solely with family law matters. 

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  •  
    Tentative Draft No. 6
    Tentative Draft No. 6
    572 pages, 2024, #1RCHLTD6

    Table of Contents

    Section                                                                                                                                                  Page

    Project Status at a Glance ...................................................................................................................... xvii

    Foreword ................................................................................................................................................. xix

    Reporters’ Memorandum ......................................................................................................................... xx

    Projected Overall Table of Contents ....................................................................................................... xxv

     

    Introduction ................................................................................................................................................ 1

     

    Part I. Children in Families

    Note on Definition of a “Parent” ................................................................................................................. 3

    Chapter 2. State Intervention for Abuse and Neglect

    Note on Indian Child Welfare Act ............................................................................................................... 3

    Topic 1. Right to Legal Representation

    § 2.10. Parents’ Right to Counsel in Child Protection and Termination Cases .......................................... 3

    § 2.11. Children’s Right to Representation in Child Protection and Termination Cases .......................... 37

    Topic 2. Grounds

    Title A. Abuse

    § 2.21. Sexual Abuse ............................................................................................................................... 58

    Topic 4. State Authority to Remove a Child from the Care of a Parent or Guardian and Arrange for Alternative Care

    § 2.45. Alternative Care for the Child Following Removal ....................................................................... 58

    Topic 6. Authority of State Courts to Make Determinations Related to Special Immigrant
    Juvenile Status

    § 2.60. Authority of State Courts to Make Determinations Related to Special Immigrant Juvenile
    Status .................................................................................................................................................... 108

    Topic 9. Terminating State Care

    § 2.90. Permanent Placement Options and Permanency Hearings ...................................................... 127

    Chapter 4. Emancipation of Minors

    § 4.10. Emancipation of a Minor and the Rights and Obligations of Emancipated Minors .................... 163

     

    Part II. Children in Schools

    Chapter 7. Student Speech Rights

    § 7.10. Students’ Right of Personal Expression in Public School

    Comment k. Dress codes and school uniforms ..................................................................................... 193

    Comment l. Students’ right to access information in school .................................................................. 195

     

    Part III. Children in the Justice System

    Introductory Note ................................................................................................................................... 208

    Chapter 11. Delinquency Proceedings

    Topic 6. Collateral Consequences of Delinquency Adjudication

    § 11.61. Use of Delinquency Finding as a Predicate for Sex Offender Classification ........................... 214

    Chapter 12. Delinquency Dispositions

    Topic 2. Duty of State to Provide Services and Regulation of Discipline in Youth Facilities

    § 12.20. Duty of State to Provide Services and Safe, Healthy Conditions to a Youth in State Custody Pursuant to a Delinquency Disposition .................................................................................................. 243

    § 12.21. Regulation of Discipline of a Youth in State Custody Pursuant to a Delinquency
    Disposition ............................................................................................................................................. 271

    Chapter 13. Juveniles in the Criminal Justice System

    Topic 1. Transfer to Criminal Court

    § 13.10. Transfer to Criminal Court; Determinative Factors and Requirement of Particularized
    Findings ................................................................................................................................................. 303

    § 13.11. Youth’s Right to Expert Assessment in Transfer Proceeding ................................................... 390

    § 13.12. Use of Incriminating Disclosures in Connection with Transfer Proceeding ............................. 395

    Topic 3. Defenses Based on Immaturity in Criminal Proceedings

    § 13.31. Admissibility of Developmental Evidence to Negate a Culpable Mental State in a Criminal Prosecution ............................................................................................................................................ 403

    Topic 4. Sentencing Juveniles in Criminal Court

    § 13.40. Mitigation in the Sentencing of Juveniles ................................................................................ 413

     

    Part IV. Children in Society

    Introductory Note ................................................................................................................................... 446

    Chapter 14. Medical Decisionmaking by Minors

    Topic 2. Medical Decisions Affecting Reproductive Health

    § 14.20. Consent by a Minor to Reproductive-Health Treatment .......................................................... 448

    Chapter 16. Juvenile Curfews

    § 16.10. Juvenile Curfews ..................................................................................................................... 487

     

    Appendix A. Black Letter of Tentative Draft No. 6 ............................................................................ 502

    Appendix B. Black Letter of Sections Approved by Membership ................................................... 514

    Tentative Draft No. 6 contains material from Chapter 2, State Intervention for Abuse and Neglect, Chapter 4, Emancipation of Minors, Chapter 7, Student Speech Rights, Chapter 11, Delinquency Proceedings, Chapter 12, Delinquency Dispositions, Chapter 13, Juveniles in the Criminal Justice System, Chapter 14, Medical Decisionmaking by Minors, and Chapter 16, Juvenile Curfews. The membership voted to approve this draft at the 2024 Annual Meeting subject to the discussion at the Meeting and editorial prerogative. This material may be cited as representing the Institute’s position until the official text is published.

    572 pages, 2024, #1RCHLTD6E

    Table of Contents

    Section                                                                                                                                                  Page

    Project Status at a Glance ...................................................................................................................... xvii

    Foreword ................................................................................................................................................. xix

    Reporters’ Memorandum ......................................................................................................................... xx

    Projected Overall Table of Contents ....................................................................................................... xxv

     

    Introduction ................................................................................................................................................ 1

     

    Part I. Children in Families

    Note on Definition of a “Parent” ................................................................................................................. 3

    Chapter 2. State Intervention for Abuse and Neglect

    Note on Indian Child Welfare Act ............................................................................................................... 3

    Topic 1. Right to Legal Representation

    § 2.10. Parents’ Right to Counsel in Child Protection and Termination Cases .......................................... 3

    § 2.11. Children’s Right to Representation in Child Protection and Termination Cases .......................... 37

    Topic 2. Grounds

    Title A. Abuse

    § 2.21. Sexual Abuse ............................................................................................................................... 58

    Topic 4. State Authority to Remove a Child from the Care of a Parent or Guardian and Arrange for Alternative Care

    § 2.45. Alternative Care for the Child Following Removal ....................................................................... 58

    Topic 6. Authority of State Courts to Make Determinations Related to Special Immigrant
    Juvenile Status

    § 2.60. Authority of State Courts to Make Determinations Related to Special Immigrant Juvenile
    Status .................................................................................................................................................... 108

    Topic 9. Terminating State Care

    § 2.90. Permanent Placement Options and Permanency Hearings ...................................................... 127

    Chapter 4. Emancipation of Minors

    § 4.10. Emancipation of a Minor and the Rights and Obligations of Emancipated Minors .................... 163

     

    Part II. Children in Schools

    Chapter 7. Student Speech Rights

    § 7.10. Students’ Right of Personal Expression in Public School

    Comment k. Dress codes and school uniforms ..................................................................................... 193

    Comment l. Students’ right to access information in school .................................................................. 195

     

    Part III. Children in the Justice System

    Introductory Note ................................................................................................................................... 208

    Chapter 11. Delinquency Proceedings

    Topic 6. Collateral Consequences of Delinquency Adjudication

    § 11.61. Use of Delinquency Finding as a Predicate for Sex Offender Classification ........................... 214

    Chapter 12. Delinquency Dispositions

    Topic 2. Duty of State to Provide Services and Regulation of Discipline in Youth Facilities

    § 12.20. Duty of State to Provide Services and Safe, Healthy Conditions to a Youth in State Custody Pursuant to a Delinquency Disposition .................................................................................................. 243

    § 12.21. Regulation of Discipline of a Youth in State Custody Pursuant to a Delinquency
    Disposition ............................................................................................................................................. 271

    Chapter 13. Juveniles in the Criminal Justice System

    Topic 1. Transfer to Criminal Court

    § 13.10. Transfer to Criminal Court; Determinative Factors and Requirement of Particularized
    Findings ................................................................................................................................................. 303

    § 13.11. Youth’s Right to Expert Assessment in Transfer Proceeding ................................................... 390

    § 13.12. Use of Incriminating Disclosures in Connection with Transfer Proceeding ............................. 395

    Topic 3. Defenses Based on Immaturity in Criminal Proceedings

    § 13.31. Admissibility of Developmental Evidence to Negate a Culpable Mental State in a Criminal Prosecution ............................................................................................................................................ 403

    Topic 4. Sentencing Juveniles in Criminal Court

    § 13.40. Mitigation in the Sentencing of Juveniles ................................................................................ 413

     

    Part IV. Children in Society

    Introductory Note ................................................................................................................................... 446

    Chapter 14. Medical Decisionmaking by Minors

    Topic 2. Medical Decisions Affecting Reproductive Health

    § 14.20. Consent by a Minor to Reproductive-Health Treatment .......................................................... 448

    Chapter 16. Juvenile Curfews

    § 16.10. Juvenile Curfews ..................................................................................................................... 487

     

    Appendix A. Black Letter of Tentative Draft No. 6 ............................................................................ 502

    Appendix B. Black Letter of Sections Approved by Membership ................................................... 514

    Tentative Draft No. 6 contains material from Chapter 2, State Intervention for Abuse and Neglect, Chapter 4, Emancipation of Minors, Chapter 7, Student Speech Rights, Chapter 11, Delinquency Proceedings, Chapter 12, Delinquency Dispositions, Chapter 13, Juveniles in the Criminal Justice System, Chapter 14, Medical Decisionmaking by Minors, and Chapter 16, Juvenile Curfews. The membership voted to approve this draft at the 2024 Annual Meeting subject to the discussion at the Meeting and editorial prerogative. This material may be cited as representing the Institute’s position until the official text is published.

     
  •  
    Tentative Draft No. 5
    Tentative Draft No. 5
    334 pages, 2023, #1RCHLTD5

    Table of Contents

    Section                                                                                                                                        Page

    Project Status at a Glance............................................................................................................ xvi

    Foreword.................................................................................................................................... xvii

    Reporters’ Memorandum........................................................................................................... xviii

    Projected Overall Table of Contents........................................................................................... xxi

    Part I

    Children in Families

    Chapter 1

    Parental Authority and Responsibilities

    Topic 4

    Duty to Protect Children From Harm

    § 1.40. Parental Liability for Failure to Protect a Child from Sexual Abuse.................................. 1

    § 1.41. Parental Liability for Harm to a Child Resulting from Reckless Supervision of the Child...................................................................................................................................... 8

    Topic 5

    Responsibility for Children’s Misconduct

    § 1.50. Parental Liability for Harm Caused by a Child................................................................. 16

    Chapter 2

    State Intervention for Abuse and Neglect

    Topic 7

    Obligation of the State When a Child is in Foster Care and Rights of Parents

    § 2.70. Obligation of the State While a Child Is in Foster Care .................................................... 36

    § 2.71. Rights of Parents While a Child Is in Foster Care............................................................. 70

    Topic 8

    Termination of Parental Rights

    § 2.80. Standard for Involuntary Termination of Parental Rights................................................ 86

    Chapter 3

    Child in Need of Services

    Introductory Note........................................................................................................................ 123

    Topic 1

    Grounds for Court Intervention

    § 3.10. Grounds for Court Intervention....................................................................................... 133

    Topic 2

    Court-Ordered Dispositions

    § 3.20. Court-Ordered Dispositions............................................................................................. 156

    Topic 3

    Violation of Court Order

    § 3.30. Violation of Court Order................................................................................................. 163

    Part III

    Children in the Justice System

    Chapter 13

    Delinquency Proceedings

    Topic 2

    Speedy Adjudication Hearing

    § 13.20. Right of a Youth to a Speedy Adjudication Hearing..................................................... 169

    Topic 6

    Use of Delinquency Finding as a Predicate for Enhancing the Severity of a Criminal Sentence

    § 13.60. Use of Delinquency  Finding to Increase Minimum or Maximum Sentences............... 191

    Part IV

    Children in Society

    Chapter 18

    Minors’ Civil Rights and Civil Liberties Outside the School Context

    Introductory Note........................................................................................................................ 216

    § 18.10. Minors' Right to Engage in Speech, Religious Exercise, and Political Participation ... 217

    § 18.11. Minors' Right to Gain Access to Information and Other Expressive Content............. 233

    Chapter 20

    Minors’ Obligations and Responsibilities

    Topic 2

    Minors’ Contractual Liability

    § 20.20. Voidability of Contracts by Minors ............................................................................... 243

    Appendix A. Black Letter of Tentative Draft No. 5.............................................................. 278

    Appendix B. Black Letter of Sections Approved by Membership....................................... 285

    Tentative Draft No. 5 contains material from Chapter 1, Parental Authority and Responsibilities, Chapter 2, State Intervention for Abuse and Neglect, and Chapter 3, Child in Need of Services, of Part I on Children in Families; Chapter 13, Delinquency Proceedings, of Part III on Children in the Justice System; and Chapter 18, Minors’ Civil Rights and Civil Liberties Outside the School Context, and Chapter 20, Minors’ Obligations and Responsibilities, of Part IV on Children in Society. The membership voted to approve this draft at the 2023 Annual Meeting, subject to the discussion at the Meeting and editorial prerogative. This material may be cited as representing the Institute’s position until the official text is published.

    334 pages, 2023, #1RCHLTD5E

    Table of Contents

    Section                                                                                                                                        Page

    Project Status at a Glance............................................................................................................ xvi

    Foreword.................................................................................................................................... xvii

    Reporters’ Memorandum........................................................................................................... xviii

    Projected Overall Table of Contents........................................................................................... xxi

    Part I

    Children in Families

    Chapter 1

    Parental Authority and Responsibilities

    Topic 4

    Duty to Protect Children From Harm

    § 1.40. Parental Liability for Failure to Protect a Child from Sexual Abuse.................................. 1

    § 1.41. Parental Liability for Harm to a Child Resulting from Reckless Supervision of the Child...................................................................................................................................... 8

    Topic 5

    Responsibility for Children’s Misconduct

    § 1.50. Parental Liability for Harm Caused by a Child................................................................. 16

    Chapter 2

    State Intervention for Abuse and Neglect

    Topic 7

    Obligation of the State When a Child is in Foster Care and Rights of Parents

    § 2.70. Obligation of the State While a Child Is in Foster Care .................................................... 36

    § 2.71. Rights of Parents While a Child Is in Foster Care............................................................. 70

    Topic 8

    Termination of Parental Rights

    § 2.80. Standard for Involuntary Termination of Parental Rights................................................ 86

    Chapter 3

    Child in Need of Services

    Introductory Note........................................................................................................................ 123

    Topic 1

    Grounds for Court Intervention

    § 3.10. Grounds for Court Intervention....................................................................................... 133

    Topic 2

    Court-Ordered Dispositions

    § 3.20. Court-Ordered Dispositions............................................................................................. 156

    Topic 3

    Violation of Court Order

    § 3.30. Violation of Court Order................................................................................................. 163

    Part III

    Children in the Justice System

    Chapter 13

    Delinquency Proceedings

    Topic 2

    Speedy Adjudication Hearing

    § 13.20. Right of a Youth to a Speedy Adjudication Hearing..................................................... 169

    Topic 6

    Use of Delinquency Finding as a Predicate for Enhancing the Severity of a Criminal Sentence

    § 13.60. Use of Delinquency  Finding to Increase Minimum or Maximum Sentences............... 191

    Part IV

    Children in Society

    Chapter 18

    Minors’ Civil Rights and Civil Liberties Outside the School Context

    Introductory Note........................................................................................................................ 216

    § 18.10. Minors' Right to Engage in Speech, Religious Exercise, and Political Participation ... 217

    § 18.11. Minors' Right to Gain Access to Information and Other Expressive Content............. 233

    Chapter 20

    Minors’ Obligations and Responsibilities

    Topic 2

    Minors’ Contractual Liability

    § 20.20. Voidability of Contracts by Minors ............................................................................... 243

    Appendix A. Black Letter of Tentative Draft No. 5.............................................................. 278

    Appendix B. Black Letter of Sections Approved by Membership....................................... 285

    Tentative Draft No. 5 contains material from Chapter 1, Parental Authority and Responsibilities, Chapter 2, State Intervention for Abuse and Neglect, and Chapter 3, Child in Need of Services, of Part I on Children in Families; Chapter 13, Delinquency Proceedings, of Part III on Children in the Justice System; and Chapter 18, Minors’ Civil Rights and Civil Liberties Outside the School Context, and Chapter 20, Minors’ Obligations and Responsibilities, of Part IV on Children in Society. The membership voted to approve this draft at the 2023 Annual Meeting, subject to the discussion at the Meeting and editorial prerogative. This material may be cited as representing the Institute’s position until the official text is published.

     
  •  
    Tentative Draft No. 4
    Tentative Draft No. 4
    534 pages, 2022, #1RCHLTD4

    TABLE OF CONTENTS

    Section                                                                                                                  Page

    Project Status at a Glance ...................................................................................... xvi

    Foreword ................................................................................................................ xvii

    Reporters’ Memorandum ....................................................................................... xviii

    Projected Overall Table of Contents ........................................................................ xxi

    PART I

    CHILDREN IN FAMILIES

    CHAPTER 1

    PARENTAL AUTHORITY AND RESPONSIBILITIES

    TOPIC 2

    EDUCATION

    § 1.20. Parental Duty and Authority to Educate ........................................................... 1

    CHAPTER 2

    STATE INTERVENTION FOR ABUSE AND NEGLECT

    TOPIC 2

    GROUNDS

    TITLE B

    NEGLECT

    § 2.26. Educational Neglect ........................................................................................ 29

    TOPIC 3

    PROTECTING FAMILY INTEGRITY

    § 2.30. Obligation of the State to Make Reasonable Efforts to Keep a Child in the
    Care of a Parent or Guardian ...................................................................................... 52

    TOPIC 4

    STATE AUTHORITY TO REMOVE A CHILD FROM THE CARE OF A PARENT OR GUARDIAN AND ARRANGE FOR ALTERNATIVE CARE

    § 2.40. Removing a Child from the Care of a Parent or Guardian ............................... 88

    § 2.41. Emergency Removal Without a Court Order .................................................... 92

    § 2.42. Emergency Ex Parte Removal Order ............................................................. 103

    § 2.43. Post-Petition Removal Order and Judicial Oversight of Continued
    Removal ..................................................................................................................... 114

    § 2.44. Post-Adjudication Removal Order and Judicial Oversight of Continued
    Removal ..................................................................................................................... 121

    TOPIC 5

    OBLIGATION OF THE STATE TO MAKE REASONABLE EFFORTS TO REUNIFY A FAMILY

    § 2.50. Obligation of the State to Make Reasonable Efforts to Reunify a Family ......... 130

    PART II

    CHILDREN IN SCHOOLS

    Introductory Note ........................................................................................................ 178

    CHAPTER 5

    STATE DUTY TO EDUCATE CHILDREN

    TOPIC 1

    STATE DUTY TO PROVIDE FREE PUBLIC EDUCATION TO ALL CHILDREN

    § 5.10. The State’s Duty to Provide Free Public Education for All Children ............... 180

    CHAPTER 7

    DISCIPLINE AND ORDER MAINTENANCE

    TOPIC 1

    THE USE OF FORCE IN RESPONSE TO STUDENT BEHAVIOR

    § 7.10. Use of Force to Control and Punish
                Comment k. The use of force against students with disabilities ...................... 241

    TOPIC 2

    EXCLUSION FROM SCHOOL

    § 7.20. Use of School Exclusion to Control and Punish
                Comment h. Special limits on exclusion of students with disabilities .............. 245

    CHAPTER 8

    STUDENT SPEECH RIGHTS

    TOPIC 1

    STUDENT EXPRESSION

    § 8.10. Students’ Right of Personal Expression in Public School
                Comment j. Off-campus speech ...................................................................... 248

    PART III

    CHILDREN IN THE JUSTICE SYSTEM

    CHAPTER 12

    PRE-ADJUDICATION

    TOPIC 3

    PRE-ADJUDICATION DETENTION

    Introductory Note ........................................................................................................ 261

    § 12.30. Duty of State to Provide Services and Safe, Healthy Conditions to a Youth
    in Custody Pending Delinquency Adjudication ............................................................ 262

    § 12.31. Regulation of Discipline of a Youth in State Custody Pending Adjudication 
    of Delinquency ............................................................................................................ 288

    CHAPTER 13

    DELINQUENCY PROCEEDINGS

    TOPIC 1

    MINIMUM AGE IN DELINQUENCY PROCEEDINGS

    § 13.10. Non-Accountability of Children under 10; Alternative Basis for
    Intervention ................................................................................................................. 314

    TOPIC 3

    RIGHT TO COUNSEL IN DELINQUENCY AND TRANSFER PROCEEDINGS

    § 13.30. Right to Counsel in a Delinquency Proceeding .............................................. 320

    § 13.31. Waiver of Counsel in a Delinquency Proceeding ............................................ 326

    TOPIC 5

    RESPONSIBILITY DEFENSES IN DELINQUENCY PROCEEDINGS

    § 13.50. Defense of Non-Responsibility Due to Immaturity in Delinquency
    Proceedings .................................................................................................................. 375

    § 13.51. Defense of Insanity in Delinquency Proceedings ............................................ 383

    CHAPTER 14

    DELINQUENCY DISPOSITIONS

    TOPIC 1

    DISPOSITIONS IN DELINQUENCY PROCEEDINGS

    § 14.10. Individualized Disposition No More Restrictive than Necessary ..................... 386

    § 14.11. Limitation of Criminal Penalties or Sentences in Delinquency
    Proceedings .................................................................................................................. 428

    CHAPTER 15

    JUVENILES IN CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM

    TOPIC 3

    DEFENSES BASED ON IMMATURITY IN CRIMINAL PROCEEDINGS

    § 15.30. Defense of Non-Responsibility Due to Immaturity ............................................ 462

    Appendix A. Black Letter of Tentative Draft No. 4 .................................................. 481

    Appendix B. Black Letter of Sections Approved by Membership ......................... 492

    Tentative Draft No. 4 includes material from Chapter 1, Parental Authority and Responsibilities, and Chapter 2, State Intervention for Abuse and Neglect, of Part I (Children in Families); Chapter 5, State Duty to Educate Children, of Part II (Children in Schools); and Chapter 12, Pre-Adjudication, Chapter 13, Delinquency Proceedings, Chapter 14, Delinquency Dispositions, and Chapter 15, Juveniles in Criminal Justice System, of Part III (Children in the Justice System), as well as three new Comments to be added to previously approved Sections in Part II. The membership voted to approve this draft at the 2022 Annual Meeting, subject to the discussion at the Meeting and editorial prerogative. This material may be cited as representing the Institute’s position until the official text is published.

    534 pages, 2022, #1RCHLTD4E

    TABLE OF CONTENTS

    Section                                                                                                                  Page

    Project Status at a Glance ...................................................................................... xvi

    Foreword ................................................................................................................ xvii

    Reporters’ Memorandum ....................................................................................... xviii

    Projected Overall Table of Contents ........................................................................ xxi

    PART I

    CHILDREN IN FAMILIES

    CHAPTER 1

    PARENTAL AUTHORITY AND RESPONSIBILITIES

    TOPIC 2

    EDUCATION

    § 1.20. Parental Duty and Authority to Educate ........................................................... 1

    CHAPTER 2

    STATE INTERVENTION FOR ABUSE AND NEGLECT

    TOPIC 2

    GROUNDS

    TITLE B

    NEGLECT

    § 2.26. Educational Neglect ........................................................................................ 29

    TOPIC 3

    PROTECTING FAMILY INTEGRITY

    § 2.30. Obligation of the State to Make Reasonable Efforts to Keep a Child in the
    Care of a Parent or Guardian ...................................................................................... 52

    TOPIC 4

    STATE AUTHORITY TO REMOVE A CHILD FROM THE CARE OF A PARENT OR GUARDIAN AND ARRANGE FOR ALTERNATIVE CARE

    § 2.40. Removing a Child from the Care of a Parent or Guardian ............................... 88

    § 2.41. Emergency Removal Without a Court Order .................................................... 92

    § 2.42. Emergency Ex Parte Removal Order ............................................................. 103

    § 2.43. Post-Petition Removal Order and Judicial Oversight of Continued
    Removal ..................................................................................................................... 114

    § 2.44. Post-Adjudication Removal Order and Judicial Oversight of Continued
    Removal ..................................................................................................................... 121

    TOPIC 5

    OBLIGATION OF THE STATE TO MAKE REASONABLE EFFORTS TO REUNIFY A FAMILY

    § 2.50. Obligation of the State to Make Reasonable Efforts to Reunify a Family ......... 130

    PART II

    CHILDREN IN SCHOOLS

    Introductory Note ........................................................................................................ 178

    CHAPTER 5

    STATE DUTY TO EDUCATE CHILDREN

    TOPIC 1

    STATE DUTY TO PROVIDE FREE PUBLIC EDUCATION TO ALL CHILDREN

    § 5.10. The State’s Duty to Provide Free Public Education for All Children ............... 180

    CHAPTER 7

    DISCIPLINE AND ORDER MAINTENANCE

    TOPIC 1

    THE USE OF FORCE IN RESPONSE TO STUDENT BEHAVIOR

    § 7.10. Use of Force to Control and Punish
                Comment k. The use of force against students with disabilities ...................... 241

    TOPIC 2

    EXCLUSION FROM SCHOOL

    § 7.20. Use of School Exclusion to Control and Punish
                Comment h. Special limits on exclusion of students with disabilities .............. 245

    CHAPTER 8

    STUDENT SPEECH RIGHTS

    TOPIC 1

    STUDENT EXPRESSION

    § 8.10. Students’ Right of Personal Expression in Public School
                Comment j. Off-campus speech ...................................................................... 248

    PART III

    CHILDREN IN THE JUSTICE SYSTEM

    CHAPTER 12

    PRE-ADJUDICATION

    TOPIC 3

    PRE-ADJUDICATION DETENTION

    Introductory Note ........................................................................................................ 261

    § 12.30. Duty of State to Provide Services and Safe, Healthy Conditions to a Youth
    in Custody Pending Delinquency Adjudication ............................................................ 262

    § 12.31. Regulation of Discipline of a Youth in State Custody Pending Adjudication 
    of Delinquency ............................................................................................................ 288

    CHAPTER 13

    DELINQUENCY PROCEEDINGS

    TOPIC 1

    MINIMUM AGE IN DELINQUENCY PROCEEDINGS

    § 13.10. Non-Accountability of Children under 10; Alternative Basis for
    Intervention ................................................................................................................. 314

    TOPIC 3

    RIGHT TO COUNSEL IN DELINQUENCY AND TRANSFER PROCEEDINGS

    § 13.30. Right to Counsel in a Delinquency Proceeding .............................................. 320

    § 13.31. Waiver of Counsel in a Delinquency Proceeding ............................................ 326

    TOPIC 5

    RESPONSIBILITY DEFENSES IN DELINQUENCY PROCEEDINGS

    § 13.50. Defense of Non-Responsibility Due to Immaturity in Delinquency
    Proceedings .................................................................................................................. 375

    § 13.51. Defense of Insanity in Delinquency Proceedings ............................................ 383

    CHAPTER 14

    DELINQUENCY DISPOSITIONS

    TOPIC 1

    DISPOSITIONS IN DELINQUENCY PROCEEDINGS

    § 14.10. Individualized Disposition No More Restrictive than Necessary ..................... 386

    § 14.11. Limitation of Criminal Penalties or Sentences in Delinquency
    Proceedings .................................................................................................................. 428

    CHAPTER 15

    JUVENILES IN CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM

    TOPIC 3

    DEFENSES BASED ON IMMATURITY IN CRIMINAL PROCEEDINGS

    § 15.30. Defense of Non-Responsibility Due to Immaturity ............................................ 462

    Appendix A. Black Letter of Tentative Draft No. 4 .................................................. 481

    Appendix B. Black Letter of Sections Approved by Membership ......................... 492

    Tentative Draft No. 4 includes material from Chapter 1, Parental Authority and Responsibilities, and Chapter 2, State Intervention for Abuse and Neglect, of Part I (Children in Families); Chapter 5, State Duty to Educate Children, of Part II (Children in Schools); and Chapter 12, Pre-Adjudication, Chapter 13, Delinquency Proceedings, Chapter 14, Delinquency Dispositions, and Chapter 15, Juveniles in Criminal Justice System, of Part III (Children in the Justice System), as well as three new Comments to be added to previously approved Sections in Part II. The membership voted to approve this draft at the 2022 Annual Meeting, subject to the discussion at the Meeting and editorial prerogative. This material may be cited as representing the Institute’s position until the official text is published.

     
  •  
    Tentative Draft No. 3
    286 pages, 2021, #1RCHLTD3E

    TABLE OF CONTENTS

    Section                                                                                                                          Page

    Project Status at a Glance ............................................................................................... xv

    Foreword ................................................................................................................. ...... xvii

    Reporters’ Memorandum ................................................................................................ xix

    Projected Overall Table of Contents ............................................................................... xxi

    PART I

    CHILDREN IN FAMILIES

    CHAPTER 2

    STATE INTERVENTION FOR ABUSE AND NEGLECT

    TOPIC 2

    GROUNDS

    TITLE A

    ABUSE

    § 2.22. Psychological Abuse ........................................................................................ 1

    PART II

    CHILDREN IN SCHOOLS

    CHAPTER 8

    STUDENT SPEECH RIGHTS

    TOPIC 1

    STUDENT EXPRESSION

    § 8.10. Student’s Right of Personal Expression in Public School ................................ 27

    CHAPTER 9

    RELIGION IN PUBLIC SCHOOLS

    Introductory Note .......................................................................................................... 77

    TOPIC 1

    STUDENTS’ RELIGIOUS RIGHTS IN PUBLIC SCHOOLS

    § 9.10. Students’ Right to Express Religious Views and Engage in Devotional
    Exercises in Public School ........................................................................................... 78

    TOPIC 2

    CONSTRAINTS ON PUBLIC SCHOOLS’ INVOLVEMENT IN RELIGION

    § 9.20. Limits on School-Supported Religious Activities and Curricular
    Content ....................................................................................................................... 97

    CHAPTER 10

    SCHOOL SEARCHES

    TOPIC 1

    SEARCH BASED ON INDIVIDUALIZED SUSPICION

    § 10.10. Student Search by School Officials Based on Individualized Suspicion ........... 119

    TOPIC 2

    SUSPICIONLESS SEARCHES

    § 10.20. Search without Individualized Suspicion ........................................................... 185

    PART III

    CHILDREN IN THE JUSTICE SYSTEM

    CHAPTER 12

    PRE-ADJUDICATION

    TOPIC 1

    SEARCH AND SEIZURE

    § 12.10. Minor’s Consent to Search .................................................................................... 211

    § 12.11. Parental Consent to Search of a Minor’s Possessions and Person ...................... 227

    Appendix A. Black Letter of Tentative Draft No. 3 .................................................... 245

    Appendix B. Black Letter of Sections Approved by Membership ........................... 249

    Tentative Draft No. 3 includes § 2.22 from Chapter 2, State Intervention for Abuse and Neglect; § 8.10 from Chapter 8, Student Speech Rights; §§ 9.10 and 9.20 from Chapter 9, Religion in Public Schools; §§ 10.10 and 10.20 from Chapter 10, School Searches; and §§ 12.10 and 12.11 from Chapter 12, Pre-Adjudication. This draft was approved by the membership at the 2021 Annual Meeting, subject to the discussion at the Meeting and to editorial prerogative. This material may be cited as representing the Institute’s position until the official text is published.

     
  •  
    Tentative Draft No. 2
    Tentative Draft No. 2
    402 pages, 2019, #1RCHLTD2

    TABLE OF CONTENTS

    Section                                                                                                                        Page

    Project Status at a Glance ............................................................................................ xiii

    Foreword ....................................................................................................................... xv

    Reporters’ Memorandum .............................................................................................. xxi

    Projected Overall Table of Contents ............................................................................ xxvi

    PART I

    CHILDREN IN FAMILIES

    CHAPTER 1

    PARENTAL AUTHORITH AND RESPONSIBILITIES

    TOPIC 8

    DECISIONS ABOUT A CHILD’S ASSOCIATIONS

    § 1.80. Child’s Contact with a Third Party ........................................................................ 1

    § 1.81. Allocation of Custodial or Decisionmaking Responsibility to a Third Party ......... 47

    § 1.82. De Facto Parents ................................................................................................ 63

    CHAPTER 2

    STATE INTERVENTION FOR ABUSE AND NEGLECT

    TOPIC 2

    GROUNDS

    TITLE B

    NEGLECT

    § 2.24. Physical Neglect ................................................................................................. 93

    PART II

    CHILDREN IN SCHOOLS

    CHAPTER 8

    DISCIPLINE AND ORDER MAINTENANCE

    Introductory Note ........................................................................................................... 141

    TOPIC 1

    THE USE OF FORCE IN RESPONSE TO STUDENT MISBEHAVIOR

    § 8.10. Use of Force to Control and Punish .................................................................. 141

    TOPIC 2

    EXCLUSION FROM SCHOOL

    § 8.20. Use of School Exclusion to Control and Punish ................................................ 178

    PART III

    CHILDREN IN THE JUSTICE SYSTEM

    CHAPTER 15

    DELINQUENCY PROCEEDINGS

    TOPIC 3

    ADJUDICATIVE COMPETENCE IN DELINQUENCY PROCEEDINGS

    § 15.30. Adjudicative Competence in Delinquency Proceedings .................................. 219

    CHAPTER 17

    JUVENILES IN THE CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM

    TOPIC 2

    ADJUDICATIVE COMPETENCE IN CRIMINAL PROCEEDINGS

    § 17.20. Adjudicative Competence in Criminal Proceedings ......................................... 259

    PART IV

    CHILDREN IN SOCIETY

    CHAPTER 19

    MEDICAL DECISIONMAKING BY MINORS

    TOPIC 1

    MEDICAL DECISIONS BY MATURE MINORS

    § 19.01. Consent to Treatment by Mature Minor ............................................................ 283

    TOPIC 2

    MEDICAL DECISIONS AFFECTING REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH

    § 19.02. Consent by Minor to Reproductive Health Treatment ...................................... 326

    Appendix A. Black Letter of Tentative Draft No. 2 ................................................... 361

    Appendix B. Other Relevant Black-Letter Text ........................................................ 367

    Tentative Draft No. 2 contains §§ 1.80-1.82 of Chapter 1, Parental Authority and Responsibilities; § 2.24 of Chapter 2, State Intervention for Abuse and Neglect; §§ 8.10 and 8.20 of Chapter 8, Discipline and Order Maintenance; § 15.30 of Chapter 15, Delinquency Proceedings; § 17.20 of Chapter 17, Juveniles in the Criminal Justice System; and §§ 19.01 of 19.02 from Chapter 19, Medical Decisionmaking by Minors. The draft was approved by the membership at the 2019 Annual Meeting, subject to the discussion at the Meeting and to the usual editorial prerogative. This material may be cited as representing the Institute’s position until the official text of the entire project is published.

    402 pages, 2019, #1RCHLTD2E

    TABLE OF CONTENTS

    Section                                                                                                                        Page

    Project Status at a Glance ............................................................................................ xiii

    Foreword ....................................................................................................................... xv

    Reporters’ Memorandum .............................................................................................. xxi

    Projected Overall Table of Contents ............................................................................ xxvi

    PART I

    CHILDREN IN FAMILIES

    CHAPTER 1

    PARENTAL AUTHORITH AND RESPONSIBILITIES

    TOPIC 8

    DECISIONS ABOUT A CHILD’S ASSOCIATIONS

    § 1.80. Child’s Contact with a Third Party ........................................................................ 1

    § 1.81. Allocation of Custodial or Decisionmaking Responsibility to a Third Party ......... 47

    § 1.82. De Facto Parents ................................................................................................ 63

    CHAPTER 2

    STATE INTERVENTION FOR ABUSE AND NEGLECT

    TOPIC 2

    GROUNDS

    TITLE B

    NEGLECT

    § 2.24. Physical Neglect ................................................................................................. 93

    PART II

    CHILDREN IN SCHOOLS

    CHAPTER 8

    DISCIPLINE AND ORDER MAINTENANCE

    Introductory Note ........................................................................................................... 141

    TOPIC 1

    THE USE OF FORCE IN RESPONSE TO STUDENT MISBEHAVIOR

    § 8.10. Use of Force to Control and Punish .................................................................. 141

    TOPIC 2

    EXCLUSION FROM SCHOOL

    § 8.20. Use of School Exclusion to Control and Punish ................................................ 178

    PART III

    CHILDREN IN THE JUSTICE SYSTEM

    CHAPTER 15

    DELINQUENCY PROCEEDINGS

    TOPIC 3

    ADJUDICATIVE COMPETENCE IN DELINQUENCY PROCEEDINGS

    § 15.30. Adjudicative Competence in Delinquency Proceedings .................................. 219

    CHAPTER 17

    JUVENILES IN THE CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM

    TOPIC 2

    ADJUDICATIVE COMPETENCE IN CRIMINAL PROCEEDINGS

    § 17.20. Adjudicative Competence in Criminal Proceedings ......................................... 259

    PART IV

    CHILDREN IN SOCIETY

    CHAPTER 19

    MEDICAL DECISIONMAKING BY MINORS

    TOPIC 1

    MEDICAL DECISIONS BY MATURE MINORS

    § 19.01. Consent to Treatment by Mature Minor ............................................................ 283

    TOPIC 2

    MEDICAL DECISIONS AFFECTING REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH

    § 19.02. Consent by Minor to Reproductive Health Treatment ...................................... 326

    Appendix A. Black Letter of Tentative Draft No. 2 ................................................... 361

    Appendix B. Other Relevant Black-Letter Text ........................................................ 367

    Tentative Draft No. 2 contains §§ 1.80-1.82 of Chapter 1, Parental Authority and Responsibilities; § 2.24 of Chapter 2, State Intervention for Abuse and Neglect; §§ 8.10 and 8.20 of Chapter 8, Discipline and Order Maintenance; § 15.30 of Chapter 15, Delinquency Proceedings; § 17.20 of Chapter 17, Juveniles in the Criminal Justice System; and §§ 19.01 of 19.02 from Chapter 19, Medical Decisionmaking by Minors. The draft was approved by the membership at the 2019 Annual Meeting, subject to the discussion at the Meeting and to the usual editorial prerogative. This material may be cited as representing the Institute’s position until the official text of the entire project is published.

     
  •  
    Tentative Draft No. 1
    Tentative Draft No. 1
    388 pages, 2018, #1RCHLTD1

    TABLE OF CONTENTS

    Section                                                                                                                        Page

    Reporters’ Memorandum ............................................................................................... xv

    Projected Overall Table of Contents .............................................................................. xix

    PART I

    CHILDREN IN FAMILIES

    CHAPTER 1

    INTRODUCTION

    Introduction ....................................................................................................................... 1

    CHAPTER 2

    PARENTAL AUTHORITY AND RESPONSIBILITIES

    TOPIC 1

    DUTY TO PROVIDE REASONABLE ECONOMIC SUPPORT

    § 2.10. Duty to Provide Reasonable Economic Support ................................................... 5

    TOPIC 3

    MEDICAL CARE

    § 2.30. Parental Authority and Responsibility for Medical Care ....................................... 21

    CHAPTER 3

    STATE INTERVENTION FOR ABUSE AND NEGLECT

    Introductory Note .............................................................................................................. 79

    TOPIC 2

    GROUNDS

    TITLE A. ABUSE

    SUBTITLE I. PHYSICAL

    § 3.20. Physical Abuse ...................................................................................................... 89

    § 3.24. Defenses: Parental Privilege to Use Reasonable Corporal Punishment ............ 121

    TITLE B. NEGLECT

    SUBTITLE II. MEDICAL

    § 3.26. Medical Neglect ................................................................................................... 175

    PART III

    CHILDREN IN THE JUSTICE SYSTEM

    CHAPTER 14

    PRE-ADJUDICATION

    TOPIC 2

    RIGHT TO COUNSEL IN DELINQUENCY AND TRANSFER PROCEEDINGS

    § 14-2. Interrogation and the Admissibility of Statements ................................................. 225

    § 14.20. Rights of a Juvenile in Custody; Definition of Custody ........................................ 227

    § 14.21. Waiver of Rights in a Custodial Setting ............................................................... 244

    § 14.22. Consultation with Counsel for Younger Juveniles ................................................ 279

    § 14.23. Video-Recording of Interrogation Required .......................................................... 298

    Appendix. Black Letter of Tentative Draft No. 1 ......................................................... 309

    Tentative Draft No. 1 contains portions of Chapters 1-3 of Part I, Children in Families, and portions of Chapter 14 of Part III, Children in the Justice System. The draft was approved by the membership at the 2018 Annual Meeting, subject to the discussion at the Meeting and to the usual editorial prerogative. This material may be cited as representing the Institute’s position until the official text of the entire project is published.

    388 pages, 2018, #1RCHLTD1E

    TABLE OF CONTENTS

    Section                                                                                                                        Page

    Reporters’ Memorandum ............................................................................................... xv

    Projected Overall Table of Contents .............................................................................. xix

    PART I

    CHILDREN IN FAMILIES

    CHAPTER 1

    INTRODUCTION

    Introduction ....................................................................................................................... 1

    CHAPTER 2

    PARENTAL AUTHORITY AND RESPONSIBILITIES

    TOPIC 1

    DUTY TO PROVIDE REASONABLE ECONOMIC SUPPORT

    § 2.10. Duty to Provide Reasonable Economic Support ................................................... 5

    TOPIC 3

    MEDICAL CARE

    § 2.30. Parental Authority and Responsibility for Medical Care ....................................... 21

    CHAPTER 3

    STATE INTERVENTION FOR ABUSE AND NEGLECT

    Introductory Note .............................................................................................................. 79

    TOPIC 2

    GROUNDS

    TITLE A. ABUSE

    SUBTITLE I. PHYSICAL

    § 3.20. Physical Abuse ...................................................................................................... 89

    § 3.24. Defenses: Parental Privilege to Use Reasonable Corporal Punishment ............ 121

    TITLE B. NEGLECT

    SUBTITLE II. MEDICAL

    § 3.26. Medical Neglect ................................................................................................... 175

    PART III

    CHILDREN IN THE JUSTICE SYSTEM

    CHAPTER 14

    PRE-ADJUDICATION

    TOPIC 2

    RIGHT TO COUNSEL IN DELINQUENCY AND TRANSFER PROCEEDINGS

    § 14-2. Interrogation and the Admissibility of Statements ................................................. 225

    § 14.20. Rights of a Juvenile in Custody; Definition of Custody ........................................ 227

    § 14.21. Waiver of Rights in a Custodial Setting ............................................................... 244

    § 14.22. Consultation with Counsel for Younger Juveniles ................................................ 279

    § 14.23. Video-Recording of Interrogation Required .......................................................... 298

    Appendix. Black Letter of Tentative Draft No. 1 ......................................................... 309

    Tentative Draft No. 1 contains portions of Chapters 1-3 of Part I, Children in Families, and portions of Chapter 14 of Part III, Children in the Justice System. The draft was approved by the membership at the 2018 Annual Meeting, subject to the discussion at the Meeting and to the usual editorial prerogative. This material may be cited as representing the Institute’s position until the official text of the entire project is published.