Restatement of the Law Third,

Torts: Remedies

This project is part of ALI’s ongoing revision of the Restatement Second of Torts. Portions of the Restatement Second have been superseded by the Restatement Third of Torts: Products Liability, Apportionment of Liability, Liability for Physical and Emotional Harm, and Liability for Economic Harm.
This Restatement will cover several distinct types of issues. The first is identifying the types of damages that are recoverable, including past and future lost wages, medical expenses, disfigurement, pain and suffering, lost profits, and damage to property. The second type involves issues related to measuring damages, for example, discounting future earnings to present value, the effect of taxes, and the collateral-source rule. The third type is injunctions against threatened or continuing torts or to reverse the effects of completed torts. And the fourth type is other forms of monetary relief, such as nominal and punitive damages and restitution of unjust enrichment.
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At the 2024 Annual Meeting, the membership voted to approve Tentative Draft No. 3, which includes the remainder of Topics 1 and 2 of Chapter 1 (Compensatory Damages), all of Chapter 2 (Other Monetary Remedies), and material from Chapter 3 (Injunctions and Other Forms of Specific Relief).

At the 2023 Annual Meeting, the membership voted to approve portions of Tentative Draft No. 2, which contains sections from Chapter 1, Topic 1, General Rules for Measuring Compensatory Damages; all of Chapter 1, Topic 2, Injury to the Person; and a portion of Chapter 3, Topic 1, Injunctions. Sections 11, 26, and 27 were discussed but not presented for voting.

At the 2022 Annual Meeting, the following actions were taken on Tentative Draft No. 1:

  • A motion to amend § 8 failed.
  • A second motion to amend § 8 was withdrawn.

The membership voted to approve §§ 1-4, 6-8 of Tentative Draft No. 1. After discussion with the membership, Reporters agreed to present a revised § 5 at a future Meeting. Accordingly, there was no vote on § 5. The remaining sections of TD No. 1 that were not discussed due to time constraints will be presented at a future Annual Meeting.

All draft approvals are subject to the discussion at the meeting and usual editorial prerogative.

For more detailed information on this project please visit the Torts: Remedies page on The ALI Adviser

Reporters
Richard L. Hasen University of California, Los Angeles School of Law
Los Angeles, CA
Douglas Laycock University of Virginia School of Law (Retired)
Charlottesville, VA
Advisers
Ronen Avraham University of Texas Law School
Austin, TX
Thomas A. Balmer Supreme Court of Oregon
Salem, OR
Anita Bernstein Brooklyn Law School
Brooklyn, NY
Theodore J. Boutrous, Jr. Gibson, Dunn & Crutcher LLP
Los Angeles, CA
Samuel L. Bray Notre Dame Law School
South Bend, IN
Ellen M. Bublick Arizona State University, Sandra Day O'Connor College of Law
Phoenix, AZ
W. Jonathan Cardi Wake Forest University School of Law
Winston-Salem, NC
Thomas A. Chaseman American International Group, Inc.
New York, NY
Steven M. Colloton U.S. Court of Appeals, Eighth Circuit
Des Moines, IA
J. Gordon Cooney, Jr. Morgan, Lewis & Bockius LLP
Philadelphia, PA
Karol Corbin Walker Kaufman Dolowich & Voluck, LLP
Hackensack, NJ
Kelly Dermody Lieff Cabraser Heimann & Bernstein, LLP
San Francisco, CA
Amy Poehling Eddy Montana Eleventh Judicial District Court
Kalispell, MT
Nora Freeman Engstrom Stanford Law School
Stanford, CA
James Fischer Southwestern Law School
Los Angeles, CA
Andrew L. Frey New York, NY
Daniel C. Girard Girard Sharp LLP
San Francisco, CA
Elizabeth Goff Gonzalez Eighth Judicial District Court, Clark County
Las Vegas, NV
Michele Bratcher Goodwin Georgetown University Law Center
Washington, DC
James E. Graves, Jr. U.S. Court of Appeals, Fifth Circuit
Jackson, MS
Paul W. Grimm Duke University School of Law
Durham, NC
J. Michael Hennigan McKool Smith PC (Retired)
Los Angeles, CA
William F. Highberger Superior Court of California, County of Los Angeles
Los Angeles, CA
Emily J. Joselson Langrock Sperry & Wool, LLP
Middlebury, VT
Michael I. Krauss The Antonin Scalia Law School at George Mason University
Arlington, VA
Leondra R. Kruger Supreme Court of California
San Francisco, CA
David I. Levine University of California College of the Law, San Francisco
Berkeley, CA
Marin K. Levy Duke University School of Law
Durham, NC
Jean C. Love Santa Clara University School of Law
Santa Clara, CA
Steve McManus State Farm Mutual Automobile Insurance Companies
Bloomington, IL
Carlos Eduardo Mendoza U.S. District Court, Middle District of Florida
Orlando, FL
Malini Moorthy Argenx US, Inc.
Boston, MA
Michael T. Morley Florida State University College of Law
Tallahassee, FL
Charles R. A. Morse Jones Day
New York, NY
Monica M. Márquez Supreme Court of Colorado
Denver, CO
Tonya Parker 116th Civil District Court of Texas
Dallas, TX
Harvey S. Perlman University of Nebraska College of Law
Lincoln, NE
Thomas R. Phillips Baker Botts L.L.P.
Austin, TX
Robert W. Pratt U.S. District Court, Southern District of Iowa
Des Moines, IA
Ellen S. Pryor UNT Dallas College of Law
Dallas, TX
Doug Rendleman Washington and Lee University School of Law
Lexington, VA
Caprice L. Roberts Louisiana State University, Paul M. Hebert Law Center
Baton Rouge, LA
Nicole A. Saharsky Mayer Brown LLP
Washington, DC
Robert P. Schuster Robert P. Schuster, P.C.
Jackson, WY
Victor E. Schwartz Shook, Hardy & Bacon LLP
Washington, DC
Anthony J. Sebok Yeshiva University, Benjamin N. Cardozo School of Law
New York, NY
Kannon K. Shanmugam Paul, Weiss, Rifkind, Wharton & Garrison LLP
Washington, DC
Catherine M. Sharkey New York University School of Law
New York, NY
Emily L. Sherwin Cornell Law School
Ithaca, NY
H. Mark Stichel RKW Law Group
Baltimore, MD
Peter K. Stris Stris & Maher LLP
Los Angeles, CA
William M. Tabb University of Oklahoma College of Law
Norman, OK
John D. Taurman Vinson & Elkins LLP (Retired)
Washington, DC
Samuel A. Thumma Arizona Court of Appeals, Division One
Phoenix, AZ
Sarah S. Vance U.S. District Court, Eastern District of Louisiana
New Orleans, LA
Jane M. N. Webre Scott Douglass & McConnico LLP
Austin, TX
John Shepard Wiley, Jr. California Court of Appeal, Second Appellate District, Division Eight
Los Angeles, CA
Douglas P. Woodlock U.S. District Court, District of Massachusetts
Boston, MA
Members Consultative Group
Kenneth S. Abraham University of Virginia School of Law
Charlottesville, VA
Marc T. Amy Jones Walker LLP
Lafayette, LA
José F. Anderson University of Baltimore School of Law
Baltimore, MD
Christopher Edward Appel Shook, Hardy & Bacon LLP
Washington, DC
Dwyer Arce Kutak Rock LLP
Omaha, NE
Ronald G. Aronovsky Southwestern Law School
Los Angeles, CA
Michael F. Aylward Morrison Mahoney LLP
Boston, MA
Jennifer S. Bard University of Cincinnati College of Law
Cincinnati, OH
Shawn J. Bayern Florida State University College of Law
Tallahassee, FL
Charles L. Becker Kline & Specter, PC
Philadelphia, PA
Thomas H. Boyd Winthrop & Weinstine, PA
Minneapolis, MN
Andrew D. Bradt University of California, Berkeley School of Law
Berkeley, CA
Steve Brody O'Melveny & Myers LLP
Washington, DC
Arthur H. Bryant Clarkson Law Firm
Malibu, CA
John P. Burton Rodey, Dickason, Sloan, Akin & Robb, P.A.
Santa Fe, NM
J. Brett Busby Supreme Court of Texas
Austin, TX
Mauro Bussani University of Trieste
Trieste, Italy
Patricia A. Cain Santa Clara University School of Law
Santa Clara, CA
Karen K. Caldwell U.S. District Court, Eastern District of Kentucky
Lexington, KY
Stephen Calkins Wayne State University Law School
Detroit, MI
David N. Calvillo Nelson Mullins Riley & Scarborough, LLP
Houston, TX
Gregory A. Castanias Jones Day
Washington, DC
Stephen Yee Chow Stephen Y. Chow, PC
Boston, MA
George W. Conk Fordham University School of Law
New York, NY
Gonzalo P. Curiel U.S. District Court, Southern District of California
San Diego, CA
John M. Curran New York Supreme Court, Appellate Division, Fourth Department
Buffalo, NY
Christopher Scott D'Angelo Montgomery, McCracken, Walker & Rhoads, LLP
Philadelphia, PA
John L. Diamond University of California College of the Law, San Francisco
San Francisco, CA
A. Mechele Dickerson University of Texas School of Law
Austin, TX
Anthony E. DiResta Holland & Knight LLP
Washington, DC
James B. Dolan, Jr. Bager, Dolan, Parker & Cohen
Boston, MA
Michael C. Duff Saint Louis University School of Law
Saint Louis, MO
Holly A. Dyer Foulston Siefkin LLP
Wichita, KS
Allan H. Erbsen University of Minnesota Law School
Minneapolis, MN
Todd Espinosa Law Office of Todd Espinosa
Redwood City, CA
Muhammad U. Faridi Patterson Belknap Webb and Tyler LLP
New York, NY
Jay M. Feinman Rutgers Law School
Camden, NJ
Arthur Norman Field Field Consulting Services LLC
New York, NY
John F. Fischer Oklahoma Court of Civil Appeals
Tulsa, OK
Judith K. Fitzgerald Tucker Arensberg, P.C.
Pittsburgh, PA
Marialuisa S. Gallozzi Covington & Burling LLP
Washington, DC
Joseph D. Garrison Garrison, Levin-Epstein, Fitzgerald & Pirrotti PC
New Haven, CT
Larry T. Garvin The Ohio State University, Moritz College of Law
Columbus, OH
James Paul George Texas A&M University School of Law
Fort Worth, TX
Mark P. Gergen University of California, Berkeley School of Law
Berkeley, CA
Jacob E. Gersen Harvard Law School
Cambridge, MA
Elizabeth Barrowman Gibson Toyota Motor North America, Inc.
Plano, TX
Andrew Gold University of California, Irvine School of Law
Irvine, CA
Philip S. Goldberg Shook, Hardy & Bacon LLP
Washington, DC
James Goudkamp Oxford University
Oxford, England
Michael D. Green Washington University School of Law
Saint Louis, MO
Marcy Hogan Greer Alexander Dubose & Jefferson LLP
Austin, TX
Charles E. Griffin Butler Snow LLP
Ridgeland, MS
Catherine M. Grosso Michigan State University College of Law
East Lansing, MI
Carlos Gómez Ligüerre Universitat Pompeu Fabra
Barcelona, Spain
Steven M. Haas Hunton Andrews Kurth LLP
Richmond, VA
Gregory R. Hanthorn Jones Day (Retired)
Atlanta, GA
Paul T. Hayden Loyola Law School, Los Angeles
Los Angeles, CA
Richard Conrad Henke Thomas M. Cooley Law School
Lansing, MI
Stephen J. Herman Fishman Haygood L.L.P
New Orleans, LA
Tracy D. Hester University of Houston Law Center
Houston, TX
Daniel Earle Hinde Dan Hinde PLLC
Houston, TX
Roger F. Holmes Biss & Holmes
Anchorage, AK
Cisselon Nichols Hurd Shell Oil Company
Houston, TX
Ralph A. Jacobs Westport Island, ME
Edward J. Janger Brooklyn Law School
Brooklyn, NY
Kevin D. Jewell Court of Appeals, Fourteenth District of Texas
Houston, TX
Vincent R. Johnson St. Mary's University School of Law
San Antonio, TX
Robb Jones United Educators (Retired)
Sterling, VA
Allan Kanner Kanner & Whiteley, LLC
New Orleans, LA
D. Arthur Kelsey Supreme Court of Virginia
Richmond, VA
Harold H. Kim U.S. Chamber of Commerce
Washington, DC
Nancy S. Kim Chicago-Kent College of Law
Chicago, IL
David G. Klaber K&L Gates LLP
Pittsburgh, PA
Christopher M. Klein U.S. Bankruptcy Court, Eastern District of California
Vancouver, WA
Erik Knutsen Queen's University School of Law
Kingston, Canada
Donald J. Kochan George Mason University Antonin Scalia Law School
Arlington, VA
Nina A. Kohn Syracuse University College of Law
Syracuse, NY
Peter B Kutner University of Oklahoma College of Law
Norman, OK
Joseph H. Lang, Jr. Carlton Fields P.A.
Tampa, FL
Adam Lauridsen Keker, Van Nest & Peters LLP
San Francisco, CA
John P. Lavelle, Jr. Morgan, Lewis & Bockius LLP
Philadelphia, PA
Brian C. Lea Jones Day
Atlanta, GA
Steve Leben University of Missouri-Kansas City School of Law
Kansas City, MO
Mark A. Lemley Stanford Law School
Stanford, CA
Patrick A. Malone Patrick Malone & Associates, PC
Washington, DC
D. Price Marshall, Jr. U.S. District Court, Eastern District of Arkansas
Little Rock, AR
Miquel Martin-Casals Institute of European and Comparative Law, Universitat de Girona
Girona, Spain
Jonathan S. Massey Massey & Gail LLP
Washington, DC
James C. McKay, Jr. Office of the Attorney General for the District of Columbia
Washington, DC
Thomas B. McNamara U.S. Bankruptcy Court for District of Colorado
Denver, CO
Kevin T. Merriman Lippes Mathias LLP
Buffalo, NY
Paul Mogin Williams & Connolly LLP (Retired)
Chevy Chase, MD
Luther T. Munford Butler Snow LLP
Ridgeland, MS
Colleen P. Murphy Roger Williams University School of Law
Bristol, RI
Valerie M. Nannery American Constitution Society
Washington, DC
Richard L. Neumeier Morrison Mahoney LLP (Retired)
Boston, MA
Carolyn H. Nichols Superior Court of Pennsylvania
Bala Cynwyd, PA
Donal Nolan University of Oxford, Worcester College
Oxford, England
Joel W. Nomkin Perkins Coie LLP
Phoenix, AZ
James M. Oleske, Jr. Lewis & Clark Law School
Portland, OR
Eric R. Olson Olson Grimsley Kawanabe Hinchcliff & Murray LLC
Denver, CO
Robert M. Palumbos Duane Morris LLP
Philadelphia, PA
Michael H. Park U.S. Court of Appeals, Second Circuit
New York, NY
David F. Partlett Emory University School of Law (Retired)
Atlanta, GA
Robert S. Peck Center for Constitutional Litigation, PC
Washington, DC
E. Farish Percy University of Mississippi Law School
Oxford, MS
Mark Elliott Plotkin Covington & Burling LLP
Washington, DC
Jeffrey M. Pollock Pollock Law, LLC
Princeton, NJ
Polly J. Price Emory University School of Law
Atlanta, GA
Marlon A. Primes Brennan, Manna & Diamond
Cleveland, OH
Stuart A. Raphael Court of Appeals of Virginia
Richmond, VA
Clifford A. Rieders Rieders, Travis, Dohrmann, Mowrey, Humphrey & Waters
Williamsport, PA
Jennifer K. Robbennolt University of Illinois College of Law
Champaign, IL
Christopher John Robinette Southwestern Law School
Los Angeles, CA
Reginald L. Robinson Howard University School of Law
Washington, DC
Thomas D. Rowe, Jr. Duke University School of Law
Marina del Rey, CA
Keith A. Rowley University of Nevada, Las Vegas, William S. Boyd School of Law
Las Vegas, NV
Joseph Sanders University of Houston Law Center
Houston, TX
Nadia N. Sawicki Loyola University Chicago School of Law
Chicago, IL
Nathan A. Schachtman Center for Truth in Science
Haddonfield, NJ
Timothy R. Schnabel Uniform Law Commission
Chicago, IL
Milton R. Schroeder Arizona State University, Sandra Day O'Connor College of Law
Paradise Valley, AZ
Marc M. Seltzer Susman Godfrey LLP
Los Angeles, CA
Kenneth W. Simons University of California, Irvine School of Law
Irvine, CA
Douglas G. Smith Alpheus LLC
Chicago, IL
Carl A. Solano Superior Court of Pennsylvania (Retired)
Philadelphia, PA
Carl L. Solomon Solomon Law Group
Columbia, SC
Victor P. Stabile Superior Court of Pennsylvania
Harrisburg, PA
Jane Stapleton The University of Sydney Law School
Sydney, Australia
James Y. Stern William & Mary Law School
Williamsburg, VA
Paul David Stern U.S. Department of the Interior
Washington, DC
Larry S. Stewart Stewart Tilghman Fox Bianchi & Cain, P.A. (Retired)
West Palm Beach, FL
Laura Denvir Stith Supreme Court of Missouri
Kansas City, MO
Guy Miller Struve Davis Polk & Wardwell LLP (Retired)
New York, NY
Louise Ellen Teitz Roger Williams University School of Law
Bristol, RI
Daniel Mack Traynor U.S. District Court, District of North Dakota
Bismarck, ND
Michael Traynor Cobalt LLP
Stinson Beach, CA
Carla C. van Dongen State Farm Insurance Companies (Retired)
Bloomington, IL
Palmer Gene Vance II Stoll Keenon Ogden PLLC
Lexington, KY
Victor D. Vital Haynes and Boone, LLP
Dallas, TX
Eugene Volokh The Hoover Institution, Stanford University
Stanford, CA
Dennis J. Wall Law Office of Dennis J. Wall
Winter Springs, FL
Merle Weiner University of Oregon School of Law
Eugene, OR
Steven O. Weise Proskauer Rose LLP
Los Angeles, CA
Joseph A. Wetch, Jr. Lommen Abdo, P.A.
Minneapolis, MN
Kennon L. Wooten Scott Douglass & McConnico LLP
Austin, TX
Richard W. Wright IIT Chicago-Kent College of Law
Evanston, IL
Thomas C. Wright Wright Close & Barger, LLP
Houston, TX
Eric H. Zagrans Zagrans Law Firm LLC
Columbus, OH
Benjamin C. Zipursky Fordham University School of Law
New York, NY

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