Reporter:
Henry E. Smith, Harvard Law School, Cambridge, MA
Associate Reporters:
Maureen Brady, Harvard Law School, Cambridge, MA
Sara Bronin, University of Connecticut Scholl of Law, Hartford, CT
R. Wilson Freyermuth, University of Missouri Columbia School of Law, Columbia, MO
John C. P. Goldberg, Harvard Law School, Cambridge, MA
Daniel B. Kelly, Notre Dame Law School, Notre Dame, IN
Brian Angelo Lee, Brooklyn Law School, Brooklyn, NY
Thomas Merrill, Columbia Law School, New York, NY
Christopher Newman, George Mason university Antonin Scalia School of Law, Arlington,VA
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Section Page
Project Status at a Glance .................................................................. xix
Foreword .............................................................................................. xx
Reporters’ Memorandum ..................................................................... xxi
Projected Overall Table of Contents ................................................... xxiii
VOLUME 2
INTERFERENCES WITH, AND LIMITS ON, OWNERSHIP AND POSSESSION
DIVISION I
PROPERTY TORTS
CHAPTER 2
PRIVATE NUISANCE: PRIMA FACIE CASE
TOPIC 1
PRIVATE NUISANCE, GENERALLY
Introductory Note ....................................................................................... 1
§ 2.1. Private Nuisance .............................................................................. 3
§ 2.2. Unreasonable Interference with Use and Enjoyment ..................... 20
§ 2.3. Failure to Abate Natural Condition on Land .................................... 39
§ 2.4. Persons Entitled to Sue ................................................................... 48
VOLUME 3
POWERS AND DUTIES ASSOCIATED WITH OWNERSHIP
DIVISION III
BAILMENTS
Introductory Note ........................................................................................ 53
§ 1. Definition of Bailment ........................................................................... 55
§ 2. Exclusive Possession by the Bailee ..................................................... 65
§ 3. Types of Bailment Formation ............................................................... 76
§ 4. Formation of Actual Bailment ............................................................... 80
§ 5. Formation of Constructive Bailment ..................................................... 83
§ 6. Circumstances Justifying Constructive Bailment .................................. 84
§ 7. Categories of Bailment Relationship ..................................................... 91
§ 8. Bailment Scope ..................................................................................... 98
§ 9. Rights of Bailors .................................................................................. 109
§ 10. Duties of Bailors ................................................................................ 114
§ 11. Rights of Bailees ................................................................................ 115
§ 12. Duties of Bailees ................................................................................ 118
§ 12A. Conversion by Demand and Refusal ............................................... 122
§ 12B. Misdelivery ....................................................................................... 125
§ 12C. Qualified Refusals to Surrender ....................................................... 129
§ 13. Standards of Care Applicable to Bailees ............................................. 134
§ 14. Burdens of Proof Applicable to Claims Against Bailees ....................... 137
§ 15. Contractual Modification of the Standard of Care ................................ 140
§ 16. Liability for Conversion Not Waivable by Contract ............................... 142
§ 17. Finders .................................................................................................. 143
§ 18. Innkeepers ............................................................................................ 143
§ 19. Common Carriers .................................................................................. 143
VOLUME 4
DIVIDED AND SHARED OWNERSHIP
DIVISION I
THE ESTATE SYSTEM
Scope of Division I ............................................................................................ 145
CHAPTER 1
FORMS OF OWNERSHIP
Introductory Note ............................................................................................... 153
§ 1.1. Real and Personal Property ..................................................................... 153
§ 1.2. Tangible and Intangible Property .............................................................. 161
§ 1.3. Legal and Equitable Interests in Property ................................................. 171
CHAPTER 2
PRESENT INTERESTS: CLASSIFICATION
Introductory Note ................................................................................................. 179
§ 2.1. Present Interest Defined ............................................................................ 180
§ 2.2. Fee Simple Absolute; Absolute Ownership ................................................ 182
§ 2.3. Fee Simple Defeasible ............................................................................... 186
§ 2.4. Fee Tail Estate Not Recognized ................................................................. 190
§ 2.5. Life Estate .................................................................................................. 193
§ 2.6. Term of Years ............................................................................................. 198
CHAPTER 3
FUTURE INTERESTS: CLASSIFICATION
Introductory Note ................................................................................................... 202
§ 3.1. Future Interest Defined ................................................................................ 203
§ 3.2. Reversion or Remainder .............................................................................. 204
§ 3.3. Contingent or Vested ................................................................................... 213
§ 3.4. Postponed Class Gifts; Subject to Open ..................................................... 228
§ 3.5. Rule of Destructibility of Contingent Remainders Not Recognized .............. 231
CHAPTER 4
MAINTAINING AND SIMPLIFYING THE ESTATE SYSTEM
Introductory Note .................................................................................................... 236
§ 4.1. Limited Number of Forms; Closed Catalog of Estates .................................. 239
§ 4.2. Enforcing Standard Forms; Creating New Forms .......................................... 258
§ 4.3. Simplifying Existing Forms ............................................................................. 267
§ 4.4. Conservation of Estates ................................................................................. 279
§ 4.5. Merger ............................................................................................................ 283
§ 4.6. Extinguishment; Termination of Interests ........................................................ 297
CHAPTER 5
WASTE
Introductory Note ....................................................................................................... 305
§ 5.1. Liability for Waste ............................................................................................. 308
§ 5.2. Remedies for Waste ......................................................................................... 342
VOLUME 7
LAND USE
Introductory Note ......................................................................................................... 351
DIVISION I
ZONING
CHAPTER 1
THE ROOTS OF ZONING LAW
Introductory Note .......................................................................................................... 353
§ 1.1. Authority for Zoning ............................................................................................ 355
§ 1.2. Procedures for Adopting Local Law .................................................................... 365
§ 1.3. Relationship with Nuisance Law ......................................................................... 365
§ 1.4. Relationship with Servitudes ............................................................................... 367
CHAPTER 2
FUNDAMENTAL CONCEPTS
Introductory Note ........................................................................................................... 368
§ 2.1. Zoning .................................................................................................................. 368
§ 2.2. Land Use .............................................................................................................. 373
§ 2.3. Principal Use ........................................................................................................ 374
§ 2.4. Accessory Use ...................................................................................................... 376
§ 2.5. Structure ............................................................................................................... 380
§ 2.6. District ................................................................................................................... 382
CHAPTER 3
REGULATING LAND USE, STRUCTURES, AND LOTS
Introductory Note ............................................................................................................. 386
§ 3.1. Zoning Generally ................................................................................................... 386
§ 3.2. Regulating Land Use ............................................................................................. 388
§ 3.3. Regulating the Form of Structures ......................................................................... 394
§ 3.4. Regulating Lots ....................................................................................................... 394
DIVISION II
PLANNING
Introductory Note ................................................................................................................ 396
§ 1. Authority for Planning ................................................................................................... 396
§ 2. Adoption of Comprehensive Plan ................................................................................. 404
§ 3. Relationship of Comprehensive Plan to Zoning ............................................................ 406
DIVISION III
SUBDIVISION
Introductory Note ................................................................................................................... 426
§ 1. Authority to Regulate Subdivision ................................................................................... 426
§ 2. Subdivisions Generally .................................................................................................... 435
§ 3. Subdivision Standards ..................................................................................................... 440
§ 4. Subdivision Review .......................................................................................................... 442
§ 5. Subdivision Approval ........................................................................................................ 444
Appendix A. Black Letter of Tentative Draft No. 3 .................................................... 446
Appendix B. Black Letter of Sections Approved by Membership ........................... 466
Tentative Draft No. 3 includes material on Nuisance, Bailments, the Estate System and Related Matters, and Zoning, Planning, and Subdivision. The membership voted to approve this draft at the 2022 Annual Meeting, subject to the discussion at the Meeting and editorial prerogative. This material may be cited as representing the Institute’s position until the official text is published.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Section Page
Project Status at a Glance .................................................................. xix
Foreword .............................................................................................. xx
Reporters’ Memorandum ..................................................................... xxi
Projected Overall Table of Contents ................................................... xxiii
VOLUME 2
INTERFERENCES WITH, AND LIMITS ON, OWNERSHIP AND POSSESSION
DIVISION I
PROPERTY TORTS
CHAPTER 2
PRIVATE NUISANCE: PRIMA FACIE CASE
TOPIC 1
PRIVATE NUISANCE, GENERALLY
Introductory Note ....................................................................................... 1
§ 2.1. Private Nuisance .............................................................................. 3
§ 2.2. Unreasonable Interference with Use and Enjoyment ..................... 20
§ 2.3. Failure to Abate Natural Condition on Land .................................... 39
§ 2.4. Persons Entitled to Sue ................................................................... 48
VOLUME 3
POWERS AND DUTIES ASSOCIATED WITH OWNERSHIP
DIVISION III
BAILMENTS
Introductory Note ........................................................................................ 53
§ 1. Definition of Bailment ........................................................................... 55
§ 2. Exclusive Possession by the Bailee ..................................................... 65
§ 3. Types of Bailment Formation ............................................................... 76
§ 4. Formation of Actual Bailment ............................................................... 80
§ 5. Formation of Constructive Bailment ..................................................... 83
§ 6. Circumstances Justifying Constructive Bailment .................................. 84
§ 7. Categories of Bailment Relationship ..................................................... 91
§ 8. Bailment Scope ..................................................................................... 98
§ 9. Rights of Bailors .................................................................................. 109
§ 10. Duties of Bailors ................................................................................ 114
§ 11. Rights of Bailees ................................................................................ 115
§ 12. Duties of Bailees ................................................................................ 118
§ 12A. Conversion by Demand and Refusal ............................................... 122
§ 12B. Misdelivery ....................................................................................... 125
§ 12C. Qualified Refusals to Surrender ....................................................... 129
§ 13. Standards of Care Applicable to Bailees ............................................. 134
§ 14. Burdens of Proof Applicable to Claims Against Bailees ....................... 137
§ 15. Contractual Modification of the Standard of Care ................................ 140
§ 16. Liability for Conversion Not Waivable by Contract ............................... 142
§ 17. Finders .................................................................................................. 143
§ 18. Innkeepers ............................................................................................ 143
§ 19. Common Carriers .................................................................................. 143
VOLUME 4
DIVIDED AND SHARED OWNERSHIP
DIVISION I
THE ESTATE SYSTEM
Scope of Division I ............................................................................................ 145
CHAPTER 1
FORMS OF OWNERSHIP
Introductory Note ............................................................................................... 153
§ 1.1. Real and Personal Property ..................................................................... 153
§ 1.2. Tangible and Intangible Property .............................................................. 161
§ 1.3. Legal and Equitable Interests in Property ................................................. 171
CHAPTER 2
PRESENT INTERESTS: CLASSIFICATION
Introductory Note ................................................................................................. 179
§ 2.1. Present Interest Defined ............................................................................ 180
§ 2.2. Fee Simple Absolute; Absolute Ownership ................................................ 182
§ 2.3. Fee Simple Defeasible ............................................................................... 186
§ 2.4. Fee Tail Estate Not Recognized ................................................................. 190
§ 2.5. Life Estate .................................................................................................. 193
§ 2.6. Term of Years ............................................................................................. 198
CHAPTER 3
FUTURE INTERESTS: CLASSIFICATION
Introductory Note ................................................................................................... 202
§ 3.1. Future Interest Defined ................................................................................ 203
§ 3.2. Reversion or Remainder .............................................................................. 204
§ 3.3. Contingent or Vested ................................................................................... 213
§ 3.4. Postponed Class Gifts; Subject to Open ..................................................... 228
§ 3.5. Rule of Destructibility of Contingent Remainders Not Recognized .............. 231
CHAPTER 4
MAINTAINING AND SIMPLIFYING THE ESTATE SYSTEM
Introductory Note .................................................................................................... 236
§ 4.1. Limited Number of Forms; Closed Catalog of Estates .................................. 239
§ 4.2. Enforcing Standard Forms; Creating New Forms .......................................... 258
§ 4.3. Simplifying Existing Forms ............................................................................. 267
§ 4.4. Conservation of Estates ................................................................................. 279
§ 4.5. Merger ............................................................................................................ 283
§ 4.6. Extinguishment; Termination of Interests ........................................................ 297
CHAPTER 5
WASTE
Introductory Note ....................................................................................................... 305
§ 5.1. Liability for Waste ............................................................................................. 308
§ 5.2. Remedies for Waste ......................................................................................... 342
VOLUME 7
LAND USE
Introductory Note ......................................................................................................... 351
DIVISION I
ZONING
CHAPTER 1
THE ROOTS OF ZONING LAW
Introductory Note .......................................................................................................... 353
§ 1.1. Authority for Zoning ............................................................................................ 355
§ 1.2. Procedures for Adopting Local Law .................................................................... 365
§ 1.3. Relationship with Nuisance Law ......................................................................... 365
§ 1.4. Relationship with Servitudes ............................................................................... 367
CHAPTER 2
FUNDAMENTAL CONCEPTS
Introductory Note ........................................................................................................... 368
§ 2.1. Zoning .................................................................................................................. 368
§ 2.2. Land Use .............................................................................................................. 373
§ 2.3. Principal Use ........................................................................................................ 374
§ 2.4. Accessory Use ...................................................................................................... 376
§ 2.5. Structure ............................................................................................................... 380
§ 2.6. District ................................................................................................................... 382
CHAPTER 3
REGULATING LAND USE, STRUCTURES, AND LOTS
Introductory Note ............................................................................................................. 386
§ 3.1. Zoning Generally ................................................................................................... 386
§ 3.2. Regulating Land Use ............................................................................................. 388
§ 3.3. Regulating the Form of Structures ......................................................................... 394
§ 3.4. Regulating Lots ....................................................................................................... 394
DIVISION II
PLANNING
Introductory Note ................................................................................................................ 396
§ 1. Authority for Planning ................................................................................................... 396
§ 2. Adoption of Comprehensive Plan ................................................................................. 404
§ 3. Relationship of Comprehensive Plan to Zoning ............................................................ 406
DIVISION III
SUBDIVISION
Introductory Note ................................................................................................................... 426
§ 1. Authority to Regulate Subdivision ................................................................................... 426
§ 2. Subdivisions Generally .................................................................................................... 435
§ 3. Subdivision Standards ..................................................................................................... 440
§ 4. Subdivision Review .......................................................................................................... 442
§ 5. Subdivision Approval ........................................................................................................ 444
Appendix A. Black Letter of Tentative Draft No. 3 .................................................... 446
Appendix B. Black Letter of Sections Approved by Membership ........................... 466
Tentative Draft No. 3 includes material on Nuisance, Bailments, the Estate System and Related Matters, and Zoning, Planning, and Subdivision. The membership voted to approve this draft at the 2022 Annual Meeting, subject to the discussion at the Meeting and editorial prerogative. This material may be cited as representing the Institute’s position until the official text is published.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Section Page
Project Status at a Glance ............................................................................................ xvii
Foreword ........................................................................................................................ xix
Reporters’ Memorandum ................................................................................................ xxi
Projected Overall Table of Contents .............................................................................. xxiii
VOLUME 1
THE BASICS OF PROPERTY
DIVISION II
POSSESSION
CHAPTER 1
POSSESSION
Introductory Note ................................................................................................................. 1
§ 1.1. Possession ................................................................................................................ 2
§ 1.8. Right to Possession ................................................................................................. 13
VOLUME 2
INTERFERENCES WITH, AND LIMITS ON, OWNERSHIP AND POSSESSION
DIVISION I
PROPERTY TORTS
CHAPTER 1
TRESPASS TO LAND
Introductory Note ............................................................................................................... 19
Topic 1: Trespass to Land
Topic Note: Trespass to Land, Generally ........................................................................... 20
§ 1.1. Trespass to Land: Prima Facie Case ....................................................................... 21
§ 1.2. Trespass Above and Below the Surface [To come] .................................................. 46
§ 1.3. Persons Entitled to Sue for Trespass to Land .......................................................... 46
§ 1.4. Trespass to Land and Harm ..................................................................................... 53
§ 1.5. Intent Required for Trespass to Land ....................................................................... 56
VOLUME 3
POWERS AND DUTIES ASSOCIATED WITH OWNERSHIP
DIVISION III
BAILMENTS
Introductory Note .................................................................................................................. 67
§ 1. Definition of Bailment ..................................................................................................... 69
§ 2. Exclusive Possession by the Bailee ............................................................................... 79
Appendix. Black Letter of Tentative Draft No. 2 .................................................... 93
Tentative Draft No. 2 includes material from Volumes 1, 2, and 3 on Possession, Trespass to Land, and Bailments. The membership voted to approve this draft at the 2021 Annual Meeting, subject to the discussion at the Meeting and editorial prerogative. This material may be cited as representing the Institute’s position until the official text is published.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Section Page
Project Status at a Glance ......................................................................................... xvii
Drafts That Were Scheduled for Submission at the 2020 Annual Meeting ................. xix
Reporters’ Memorandum ............................................................................................. xxi
Projected Overall Table of Contents ........................................................................... xxiii
VOLUME 1
THE BASICS OF PROPERTY
DIVISION II
POSSESSION
CHAPTER 1
POSSESSION
Introductory Note ............................................................................................................. 1
§ 1.1. Possession ............................................................................................................. 2
§ 1.8. Right to Possession .............................................................................................. 13
VOLUME 2
INTERFERENCES WITH, AND LIMITS ON, OWNERSHIP AND POSSESSION
DIVISION I
PROPERTY TORTS
CHAPTER 1
TRESPASS TO LAND
Introductory Note .............................................................................................................. 17
Topic 1: Trespass to Land
§ 1.1. Trespass to Land: Prima Facie Case ...................................................................... 18
§ 1.2. Trespass Above and Below the Surface [To come] ................................................. 43
§ 1.3. Persons Entitled to Sue for Trespass to Land ......................................................... 43
§ 1.4. Trespass to Land and Harm .................................................................................... 49
§ 1.5. Intent Required for Trespass to Land ...................................................................... 52
VOLUME 3
POWERS AND DUTIES ASSOCIATED WITH OWNERSHIP
DIVISION III
BAILMENTS
Introductory Note ................................................................................................................. 63
§ 1. Definition of Bailment .................................................................................................... 65
§ 2. Exclusive Possession by the Bailee .............................................................................. 75
Appendix. Black Letter of Tentative Draft No. 1 .................................................... 89
Tentative Draft No. 1 contains §§ 1.1 and 1.8 of Volume 1, Division Two, Chapter 1, Possession; §§ 1.1, 1.3-1.5 of Volume 2, Division One, Chapter 1, Topic 1, Trespass to Land; and §§ 1 and 2 of Volume 3, Division Three Bailments. This draft was prepared for consideration at the 2020 Annual Meeting, which was cancelled. The draft has not been considered by the membership of ALI and therefore does not represent the position of the Institute on any of the issues with which it deals. The draft may be revised or supplemented prior to consideration by the membership in 2021.