Restatement of the Law Third,
This project is part of ALI’s ongoing revision of the Restatement Second of Torts. Portions of the Restatement Second have been superseded by the Restatement Third of Torts: Products Liability, Apportionment of Liability, Liability for Physical and Emotional Harm, and Liability for Economic Harm.
This Restatement covers several distinct types of issues. The first is identifying the types of damages that are recoverable, including past and future lost wages, medical expenses, disfigurement, pain and suffering, lost profits, and damage to property. The second type involves issues related to measuring damages, for example, discounting future earnings to present value, the effect of taxes, and the collateral-source rule. The third type is injunctions against threatened or continuing torts or to reverse the effects of completed torts. And the fourth type is other forms of monetary relief, such as nominal and punitive damages and restitution of unjust enrichment.
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At the 2024 Annual Meeting, the membership voted to approve Tentative Draft No. 3, which includes the remainder of Topics 1 and 2 of Chapter 1 (Compensatory Damages), all of Chapter 2 (Other Monetary Remedies), and material from Chapter 3 (Injunctions and Other Forms of Specific Relief).
At the 2023 Annual Meeting, the membership voted to approve portions of Tentative Draft No. 2, which contains sections from Chapter 1, Topic 1, General Rules for Measuring Compensatory Damages; all of Chapter 1, Topic 2, Injury to the Person; and a portion of Chapter 3, Topic 1, Injunctions. Sections 11, 26, and 27 were discussed but not presented for voting.
At the 2022 Annual Meeting, the following actions were taken on Tentative Draft No. 1:
- A motion to amend § 8 failed.
- A second motion to amend § 8 was withdrawn.
The membership voted to approve §§ 1-4, 6-8 of Tentative Draft No. 1. After discussion with the membership, Reporters agreed to present a revised § 5 at a future Meeting. Accordingly, there was no vote on § 5. The remaining sections of TD No. 1 that were not discussed due to time constraints will be presented at a future Annual Meeting.
All draft approvals are subject to the discussion at the meeting and usual editorial prerogative.
For more detailed information on this project please visit the Torts: Remedies page on The ALI Adviser.
* Preliminary Drafts and Council Drafts are available only to participants and the Council. Discussion Drafts and Tentative Drafts are available to the public after the Annual Meeting.
** Once it is approved by the Membership at an Annual Meeting, a Tentative Draft or Proposed Final Draft represents the most current statement of The American Law Institute's position on the subject and may be cited in opinions or briefs until the official text is published.
*** Chapter numbers are those used in the most recent draft or in the latest projected overall table of contents and may not correspond to the chapter numbers used in earlier drafts.
Richard L. Hasen
University of California, Los Angeles School of Law, Los Angeles, CA
Douglas Laycock
University of Virginia School of Law (Retired), Charlottesville, VA
Ronen Avraham
University of Texas Law School, Austin, TX
Thomas A. Balmer
Supreme Court of Oregon, Salem, OR
Anita Bernstein
Brooklyn Law School, Brooklyn, NY
Theodore J. Boutrous
Gibson, Dunn & Crutcher LLP, Los Angeles, CA
Samuel L. Bray
Notre Dame Law School, South Bend, IN
Ellen M. Bublick
Arizona State University, Sandra Day O'Connor College of Law, Phoenix, AZ
W. Jonathan Cardi
Wake Forest University School of Law, Winston-Salem, NC
Thomas A. Chaseman
American International Group, Inc., New York, NY
Steven M. Colloton
U.S. Court of Appeals, Eighth Circuit, Des Moines, IA
J. Gordon Cooney
Morgan, Lewis & Bockius LLP, Philadelphia, PA
Kelly Dermody
Lieff Cabraser Heimann & Bernstein, LLP, San Francisco, CA
Amy Poehling Eddy
Montana Eleventh Judicial District Court, Kalispell, MT
Nora Freeman Engstrom
Stanford Law School, Stanford, CA
James Fischer
Southwestern Law School, Los Angeles, CA
Andrew L. Frey
New York, NY
Daniel C. Girard
Girard Sharp LLP, San Francisco, CA
Elizabeth Goff Gonzalez
Eighth Judicial District Court, Clark County, Las Vegas, NV
Michele Bratcher Goodwin
Georgetown University Law Center, Washington, DC
James E. Graves
U.S. Court of Appeals, Fifth Circuit, Jackson, MS
Paul W. Grimm
Duke University School of Law, Durham, NC
J. Michael Hennigan
McKool Smith PC (Retired), Los Angeles, CA
William F. Highberger
Superior Court of California, County of Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
Emily J. Joselson
Langrock Sperry & Wool, LLP, Middlebury, VT
Michael I. Krauss
The Antonin Scalia Law School at George Mason University, Arlington, VA
Leondra R. Kruger
Supreme Court of California, San Francisco, CA
David I. Levine
University of California College of the Law, San Francisco, Berkeley, CA
Marin K. Levy
Duke University School of Law, Durham, NC
Jean C. Love
Santa Clara University School of Law, Santa Clara, CA
Steve McManus
State Farm Mutual Automobile Insurance Companies, Bloomington, IL
Carlos Eduardo Mendoza
U.S. District Court, Middle District of Florida, Orlando, FL
Malini Moorthy
Argenx US, Inc., Boston, MA
Michael T. Morley
Florida State University College of Law, Tallahassee, FL
Charles R. A. Morse
Jones Day, New York, NY
Monica M. Márquez
Supreme Court of Colorado, Denver, CO
Tonya Parker
116th Civil District Court of Texas, Dallas, TX
Harvey S. Perlman
University of Nebraska College of Law, Lincoln, NE
Thomas R. Phillips
Baker Botts L.L.P., Austin, TX
Robert W. Pratt
U.S. District Court, Southern District of Iowa, Des Moines, IA
Ellen S. Pryor
UNT Dallas College of Law, Dallas, TX
Doug Rendleman
Washington and Lee University School of Law, Lexington, VA
Caprice L. Roberts
Louisiana State University, Paul M. Hebert Law Center, Baton Rouge, LA
Nicole A. Saharsky
Mayer Brown LLP, Washington, DC
Robert P. Schuster
Robert P. Schuster, P.C., Jackson, WY
Victor E. Schwartz
Shook, Hardy & Bacon LLP, Washington, DC
Anthony J. Sebok
Yeshiva University, Benjamin N. Cardozo School of Law, New York, NY
Kannon K. Shanmugam
Paul, Weiss, Rifkind, Wharton & Garrison LLP, Washington, DC
Catherine M. Sharkey
New York University School of Law, New York, NY
Emily L. Sherwin
Cornell Law School, Ithaca, NY
H. Mark Stichel
RKW Law Group, Baltimore, MD
Peter K. Stris
Stris & Maher LLP, Cerritos, CA
William M. Tabb
University of Oklahoma College of Law, Norman, OK
John D. Taurman
Vinson & Elkins LLP (Retired), Washington, DC
Samuel A. Thumma
Arizona Court of Appeals, Division One, Phoenix, AZ
Sarah S. Vance
U.S. District Court, Eastern District of Louisiana, New Orleans, LA
Karol Corbin Walker
Kaufman Dolowich & Voluck, LLP, Hackensack, NJ
Jane M. N. Webre
Scott Douglass & McConnico LLP, Austin, TX
John Shepard Wiley
California Court of Appeal, Second Appellate District, Division Eight, Los Angeles, CA
Douglas P. Woodlock
U.S. District Court, District of Massachusetts, Boston, MA
Kenneth S. Abraham
University of Virginia School of Law, Charlottesville, VA
Marc T. Amy
Jones Walker LLP, Lafayette, LA
José F. Anderson
University of Baltimore School of Law, Baltimore, MD
Christopher Edward Appel
Shook, Hardy & Bacon LLP, Washington, DC
Dwyer Arce
Kutak Rock LLP, Omaha, NE
Ronald G. Aronovsky
Southwestern Law School, Los Angeles, CA
Michael F. Aylward
Morrison Mahoney LLP (Retired), Boston, MA
Jennifer S. Bard
University of Cincinnati College of Law, Cincinnati, OH
Shawn J. Bayern
Florida State University College of Law, Tallahassee, FL
Charles L. Becker
Kline & Specter, PC, Philadelphia, PA
Thomas H. Boyd
Winthrop & Weinstine, PA, Minneapolis, MN
Andrew D. Bradt
University of California, Berkeley School of Law, Berkeley, CA
Steve Brody
O'Melveny & Myers LLP, Washington, DC
Arthur H. Bryant
Clarkson Law Firm, Malibu, CA
John P. Burton
Rodey, Dickason, Sloan, Akin & Robb, P.A., Santa Fe, NM
J. Brett Busby
Supreme Court of Texas, Austin, TX
Mauro Bussani
University of Trieste, Trieste
Patricia A. Cain
Santa Clara University School of Law, Santa Clara, CA
Karen K. Caldwell
U.S. District Court, Eastern District of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
Stephen Calkins
Wayne State University Law School, Detroit, MI
David N. Calvillo
Nelson Mullins Riley & Scarborough, LLP, Houston, TX
Gregory A. Castanias
Jones Day, Washington, DC
Stephen Yee Chow
Stephen Y. Chow, PC, Boston, MA
George W. Conk
Fordham University School of Law, New York, NY
Gonzalo P. Curiel
U.S. District Court, Southern District of California, San Diego, CA
John M. Curran
New York Supreme Court, Appellate Division, Fourth Department, Buffalo, NY
Christopher Scott D'Angelo
Montgomery, McCracken, Walker & Rhoads, LLP, Philadelphia, PA
John L. Diamond
University of California College of the Law, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
A. Mechele Dickerson
University of Texas School of Law, Austin, TX
Anthony E. DiResta
Holland & Knight LLP, Washington, DC
James B. Dolan
Bager, Dolan, Parker & Cohen, Boston, MA
Carla C. van Dongen
State Farm Insurance Companies (Retired), Bloomington, IL
Michael C. Duff
Saint Louis University School of Law, Saint Louis, MO
Holly A. Dyer
Foulston Siefkin LLP, Wichita, KS
Allan H. Erbsen
University of Minnesota Law School, Minneapolis, MN
Todd Espinosa
Law Office of Todd Espinosa, Redwood City, CA
Muhammad U. Faridi
Patterson Belknap Webb and Tyler LLP, New York, NY
April L. Farris
Fifteenth Court of Appeals, Austin, TX
Jay M. Feinman
Rutgers Law School, Camden, NJ
Arthur Norman Field
Field Consulting Services LLC, New York, NY
John F. Fischer
Oklahoma Court of Civil Appeals, Tulsa, OK
Judith K. Fitzgerald
Tucker Arensberg, P.C., Pittsburgh, PA
Marialuisa S. Gallozzi
Covington & Burling LLP, Washington, DC
Joseph D. Garrison
Garrison, Levin-Epstein, Fitzgerald & Pirrotti PC, New Haven, CT
Larry T. Garvin
The Ohio State University, Moritz College of Law, Columbus, OH
James Paul George
Texas A&M University School of Law, Fort Worth, TX
Mark P. Gergen
University of California, Berkeley School of Law, Berkeley, CA
Jacob E. Gersen
Harvard Law School, Cambridge, MA
Elizabeth Barrowman Gibson
Toyota Motor North America, Inc., Plano, TX
Andrew Gold
University of California, Irvine School of Law, Irvine, CA
Philip S. Goldberg
Shook, Hardy & Bacon LLP, Washington, DC
James Goudkamp
Oxford University, Oxford
Michael D. Green
Washington University School of Law, Saint Louis, MO
Marcy Hogan Greer
Alexander Dubose & Jefferson LLP, Austin, TX
Charles E. Griffin
Butler Snow LLP, Ridgeland, MS
Catherine M. Grosso
Michigan State University College of Law, East Lansing, MI
Steven M. Haas
Hunton Andrews Kurth LLP, Richmond, VA
Kendyl T. Hanks
Greenberg Traurig, LLP, Austin, TX
Gregory R. Hanthorn
Jones Day (Retired), Atlanta, GA
Paul T. Hayden
Loyola Law School, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
Richard Conrad Henke
Thomas M. Cooley Law School, Lansing, MI
Stephen J. Herman
Fishman Haygood L.L.P, New Orleans, LA
Tracy D. Hester
University of Houston Law Center, Houston, TX
Daniel Earle Hinde
Dan Hinde PLLC, Houston, TX
Roger F. Holmes
Biss & Holmes, Anchorage, AK
Cisselon Nichols Hurd
Shell Oil Company, Houston, TX
Palmer Gene Vance II
Stoll Keenon Ogden PLLC, Lexington, KY
Ralph A. Jacobs
Westport Island, ME
Edward J. Janger
Brooklyn Law School, Brooklyn, NY
Kevin D. Jewell
Court of Appeals, Fourteenth District of Texas, Houston, TX
Vincent R. Johnson
St. Mary's University School of Law, San Antonio, TX
Robb Jones
United Educators (Retired), Sterling, VA
Allan Kanner
Kanner & Whiteley, LLC, New Orleans, LA
D. Arthur Kelsey
Supreme Court of Virginia, Richmond, VA
Nancy S. Kim
Chicago-Kent College of Law, Chicago, IL
Harold H. Kim
U.S. Chamber of Commerce, Washington, DC
David G. Klaber
K&L Gates LLP, Pittsburgh, PA
Christopher M. Klein
U.S. Bankruptcy Court, Eastern District of California, Vancouver, WA
Erik Knutsen
Queen's University School of Law, Kingston
Donald J. Kochan
George Mason University Antonin Scalia Law School, Arlington, VA
Nina A. Kohn
Syracuse University College of Law, Syracuse, NY
Peter B Kutner
University of Oklahoma College of Law, Norman, OK
Joseph H. Lang
Carlton Fields P.A., Tampa, FL
Adam Lauridsen
Keker, Van Nest & Peters LLP, San Francisco, CA
John P. Lavelle
Morgan, Lewis & Bockius LLP, Philadelphia, PA
Brian C. Lea
Jones Day, Atlanta, GA
Steve Leben
University of Missouri-Kansas City School of Law, Kansas City, MO
Mark A. Lemley
Stanford Law School, Stanford, CA
Carlos Gómez Ligüerre
Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona
Patrick A. Malone
Patrick Malone & Associates, PC, Washington, DC
D. Price Marshall
U.S. District Court, Eastern District of Arkansas, Little Rock, AR
Miquel Martin-Casals
Institute of European and Comparative Law, Universitat de Girona, Girona
Jonathan S. Massey
Massey & Gail LLP, Washington, DC
James C. McKay
Office of the Attorney General for the District of Columbia, Washington, DC
Thomas B. McNamara
U.S. Bankruptcy Court for District of Colorado, Denver, CO
Kevin T. Merriman
Lippes Mathias LLP, Buffalo, NY
Paul Mogin
Williams & Connolly LLP (Retired), Chevy Chase, MD
Luther T. Munford
Butler Snow LLP, Ridgeland, MS
Colleen P. Murphy
Roger Williams University School of Law, Bristol, RI
Valerie M. Nannery
American Constitution Society, Washington, DC
Richard L. Neumeier
Morrison Mahoney LLP (Retired), Boston, MA
Carolyn H. Nichols
Superior Court of Pennsylvania, Bala Cynwyd, PA
Donal Nolan
University of Oxford, Worcester College, Oxford
Joel W. Nomkin
Perkins Coie LLP, Phoenix, AZ
James M. Oleske
Lewis & Clark Law School, Portland, OR
Eric R. Olson
Olson Grimsley Kawanabe Hinchcliff & Murray LLC, Denver, CO
Robert M. Palumbos
Duane Morris LLP, Philadelphia, PA
Michael H. Park
U.S. Court of Appeals, Second Circuit, New York, NY
David F. Partlett
Emory University School of Law (Retired), Atlanta, GA
Robert S. Peck
Center for Constitutional Litigation, PC, Washington, DC
E. Farish Percy
University of Mississippi Law School, Oxford, MS
Mark Elliott Plotkin
Covington & Burling LLP, Washington, DC
Jeffrey M. Pollock
Pollock Law, LLC, Princeton, NJ
Polly J. Price
Emory University School of Law, Atlanta, GA
Marlon A. Primes
Brennan, Manna & Diamond, Cleveland, OH
Stuart A. Raphael
Court of Appeals of Virginia, Richmond, VA
Clifford A. Rieders
Rieders, Travis, Dohrmann, Mowrey, Humphrey & Waters, Williamsport, PA
Jennifer K. Robbennolt
University of Illinois College of Law, Champaign, IL
Christopher John Robinette
Southwestern Law School, Los Angeles, CA
Reginald L. Robinson
Howard University School of Law, Washington, DC
Thomas D. Rowe
Duke University School of Law, Marina del Rey, CA
Keith A. Rowley
University of Nevada, Las Vegas, William S. Boyd School of Law, Las Vegas, NV
Joseph Sanders
University of Houston Law Center, Houston, TX
Nadia N. Sawicki
Loyola University Chicago School of Law, Chicago, IL
Nathan A. Schachtman
Center for Truth in Science, Haddonfield, NJ
Timothy R. Schnabel
Uniform Law Commission, Chicago, IL
Milton R. Schroeder
Arizona State University, Sandra Day O'Connor College of Law, Paradise Valley, AZ
Marc M. Seltzer
Susman Godfrey LLP, Los Angeles, CA
Kenneth W. Simons
University of California, Irvine School of Law, Irvine, CA
Douglas G. Smith
Alpheus LLC, Chicago, IL
Carl A. Solano
Superior Court of Pennsylvania (Retired), Philadelphia, PA
Carl L. Solomon
Solomon Law Group, Columbia, SC
Victor P. Stabile
Superior Court of Pennsylvania, Harrisburg, PA
Jane Stapleton
The University of Sydney Law School, Sydney
Paul David Stern
U.S. Department of the Interior, Washington, DC
James Y. Stern
William & Mary Law School, Williamsburg, VA
Larry S. Stewart
Stewart Tilghman Fox Bianchi & Cain, P.A. (Retired), West Palm Beach, FL
Laura Denvir Stith
Supreme Court of Missouri, Kansas City, MO
Guy Miller Struve
Davis Polk & Wardwell LLP (Retired), New York, NY
Louise Ellen Teitz
Roger Williams University School of Law, Bristol, RI
Daniel Mack Traynor
U.S. District Court, District of North Dakota, Bismarck, ND
Michael Traynor
Cobalt LLP, Stinson Beach, CA
Victor D. Vital
Haynes and Boone, LLP, Dallas, TX
Eugene Volokh
The Hoover Institution, Stanford University, Stanford, CA
Dennis J. Wall
Law Office of Dennis J. Wall, Winter Springs, FL
Merle Weiner
University of Oregon School of Law, Eugene, OR
Steven O. Weise
Proskauer Rose LLP, Los Angeles, CA
Joseph A. Wetch
Lommen Abdo, P.A., Minneapolis, MN
Kennon L. Wooten
Scott Douglass & McConnico LLP, Austin, TX
Thomas C. Wright
Wright Close & Barger, LLP, Houston, TX
Richard W. Wright
IIT Chicago-Kent College of Law, Evanston, IL
Eric H. Zagrans
Zagrans Law Firm LLC, Columbus, OH
Benjamin C. Zipursky
Fordham University School of Law, New York, NY