Restatement of the Law,
This Restatement will examine the law of individual rights to sue government employees and others “acting under color of state law” under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 and Bivens actions. It will also cover restrictions on § 1983 actions imposed by the Prison Litigation Reform Act and the overlapping law of federal habeas corpus.
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The Council approved the initiation of this project in October 2022. ALI members may join the Members Consultative Group.
* Preliminary Drafts and Council Drafts are available only to participants and the Council. Discussion Drafts and Tentative Drafts are available to the public after the Annual Meeting.
** Once it is approved by the Membership at an Annual Meeting, a Tentative Draft or Proposed Final Draft represents the most current statement of The American Law Institute's position on the subject and may be cited in opinions or briefs until the official text is published.
*** Chapter numbers are those used in the most recent draft or in the latest projected overall table of contents and may not correspond to the chapter numbers used in earlier drafts.
John Calvin Jeffries
University of Virginia School of Law, Charlottesville, VA
Pamela S. Karlan
Stanford Law School, Stanford, CA
Alan K. Chen
University of Denver, Sturm College of Law, Denver, CO
James E. Pfander
Northwestern University Pritzker School of Law, Chicago, IL
Fred O. Smith
Emory University School of Law, Atlanta, GA
Michael Wells
University of Georgia School of Law, Athens, GA
Donald B. Ayer
Georgetown University Law Center, Mc Lean, VA
William Baude
University of Chicago Law School, Chicago, IL
Jack Beermann
Boston University School of Law
Wendy Beetlestone
U.S. District Court, Eastern District of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
Anya Bidwell
Institute for Justice, Arlington, VA
Karen Blum
Suffolk University Law School, Boston, MA
Michael G. Collins
University of Virginia School of Law
Gonzalo P. Curiel
U.S. District Court, Southern District of California, San Diego, CA
Gary Feinerman
Latham & Watkins LLP, Chicago, IL
William A. Fletcher
U.S. Court of Appeals, Ninth Circuit, San Francisco, CA
Paul L. Friedman
U.S. District Court for the District of Columbia, Washington, DC
Ian Heath Gershengorn
Jenner & Block LLP, Washington, DC
Sharon L. Gleason
U.S. District Court of Alaska, Anchorage, AK
John Gleeson
Debevoise & Plimpton LLP, New York, NY
Toby Jay Heytens
United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit
Mark R. Hornak
U.S. District Court, Western District of Pennsylvania, Pittsburgh, PA
Margaret Z. Johns
University of California, Davis School of Law
Adalberto J. Jordan
U.S. Court of Appeals, Eleventh Circuit, Miami, FL
Richard B. Katskee
Duke University School of Law, Durham, NC
Virginia M. Kendall
U.S. District Court, Northern District of Illinois, Chicago, IL
Seth F. Kreimer
University of Pennsylvania Carey Law School, Philadelphia, PA
Alexandra D. Lahav
Cornell Law School, Ithaca, NY
Jennifer Laurin
University of Texas School of Law
Leah M. Litman
University of Michigan Law School, Ann Arbor, MI
Jon Loevy
Loevy & Loevy, Chicago, IL
John G. Malcolm
The Heritage Foundation, Washington, DC
Mary Massaron
Plunkett Cooney, P.C., Bloomfield Hills, MI
Stephen R. McAllister
University of Kansas School of Law, Lawrence, KS
Scott Michelman
American Civil Liberties Union of the District of Columbia
Darrell A.H. Miller
University of Chicago Law School, Chicago, IL
Jane Elinor Notz
Office of the Illinois Attorney General, Chicago, IL
Eugene P. Ramirez
Manning Kass
Alexander A. Reinert
Yeshiva University, Benjamin N. Cardozo School of Law, New York, NY
Yvonne Gonzalez Rogers
U.S. District Court, Northern District of California, Oakland, CA
Lee H. Rosenthal
U.S. District Court, Southern District of Texas, Houston, TX
David Rudovsky
Kairys, Rudovsky, Messing, Feinberg & Lin LLP, Philadelphia, PA
Joanna C. Schwartz
University of California, Los Angeles School of Law, Los Angeles, CA
Michael H. Simon
United States District Court for the District of Oregon
Gregory Charles Sisk
University of St. Thomas School of Law, Minneapolis, MN
Amy Totenberg
U.S. District Court, Northern District of Georgia, Atlanta, GA
Barbara D. Underwood
Office of the Attorney General of New York, New York, NY
Howard M. Wasserman
Florida International University College of Law, Miami, FL
Kenneth S. Abraham
University of Virginia School of Law, Charlottesville, VA
James M. Anderson
RAND Corporation, Pittsburgh, PA
Christopher Edward Appel
Shook, Hardy & Bacon LLP, Washington, DC
David J. Aronofsky
The University of Montana (Retired), Missoula, MT
Ronald G. Aronovsky
Southwestern Law School, Los Angeles, CA
Nannette A. Baker
U.S. District Court, Eastern District of Missouri, Saint Louis, MO
Thad H. Balkman
District Court, State of Oklahoma, Norman, OK
William W. Barrett
Williams Barrett & Wilkowski, LLP, Greenwood, IN
Steven L. Barth
Office of the Federal Public Defender, District of Vermont, Burlington, VT
William Baude
University of Chicago Law School, Chicago, IL
Michael M. Baylson
U.S. District Court, Eastern District of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
Charles L. Becker
Kline & Specter, PC, Philadelphia, PA
Michael M. Berger
Manatt, Phelps & Phillips, LLP, Los Angeles, CA
Mark I. Bernstein
Philadelphia, PA
Ashutosh A. Bhagwat
University of California, Davis School of Law, Davis, CA
Chesa Boudin
University of California, Berkeley School of Law, Berkeley, CA
Jeff J. Bowen
Lindemann Miller Bowen LLP, Madison, WI
Thomas H. Boyd
Winthrop & Weinstine, PA, Minneapolis, MN
Keith Bradley
Squire Patton Boggs (US) LLP, Denver, CO
Peter Bray
U.S. District Court, Southern District of Texas, Houston, TX
Jacquelyn L. Bridgeman
University of Wyoming College of Law, Laramie, WY
Jean-Jacques Cabou
Perkins Coie LLP, Phoenix, AZ
Elissa F. Cadish
Supreme Court of Nevada, Carson City, NV
W. Jonathan Cardi
Wake Forest University School of Law, Winston-Salem, NC
Edmond E. Chang
U.S. District Court, Northern District of Illinois, Chicago, IL
Yee Wah Chin
New York, NY
Laurence Paul Claus
University of San Diego School of Law, San Diego, CA
Zachary D. Clopton
Northwestern University Pritzker School of Law, Chicago, IL
Jia Michelle Cobb
U.S. District Court for the District of Columbia, Washington, DC
Michael G. Colantuono
Colantuono, Highsmith & Whatley, PC, Grass Valley, CA
Kevin L. Cole
University of San Diego School of Law, San Diego, CA
George W. Conk
Fordham University School of Law, New York, NY
Kelsi B. Corkran
Institute for Constitutional Advocacy and Protection, Georgetown Law, Washington, DC
Michelle Williams Court
U.S. District Court, Central District of California, Los Angeles, CA
Andrew Manuel Crespo
Harvard Law School, Cambridge, MA
Michael Crommelin
Melbourne Law School, Melbourne, Victoria
Thomas L. Cubbage
The Center for American and International Law, Plano, TX
Rueben C. Cásarez
Wells Fargo & Co. (Retired), Evergreen, CO
Erin F. Delaney
Northwestern University Pritzker School of Law, Chicago, IL
Kelly Dermody
Lieff Cabraser Heimann & Bernstein, LLP, San Francisco, CA
Anuj C. Desai
University of Wisconsin Law School, Madison, WI
Donald L. Doernberg
Pace University, Elisabeth Haub School of Law (Retired), Penn Valley, CA
James B. Dolan
Badger, Dolan, Parker & Cohen, Boston, MA
Joshua A. Douglas
University of Kentucky, J. David Rosenberg College of Law, Lexington, KY
Kevin J. Doyle
U.S. District Court, District of Vermont, Burlington, VT
C. Wilson DuBose
DuBose Law Group LLC, Madison, GA
Avlana K. Eisenberg
Boston College Law School, Newton Center, MA
Ronald Eisenberg
Pennsylvania Attorney General's Office, Philadelphia, PA
Anne S. Emanuel
Georgia State University College of Law (Retired), Atlanta, GA
Ralph R. Erickson
U.S. Court of Appeals, Eighth Circuit, Fargo, ND
Katie R. Eyer
Rutgers Law School, Camden, NJ
Richard G. Feder
Philadelphia, PA
Gary Feinerman
Latham & Watkins LLP, Chicago, IL
Paul J. Fraidenburgh
Pillsbury Winthrop Shaw Pittman LLP, San Diego, CA
Bernard K. Freamon
Seton Hall University School of Law, Newark, NJ
Alana Crowe Frederick
U.S. Court of Appeals, Eleventh Circuit, Birmingham, AL
Barry Friedman
New York University School of Law, New York, NY
Maggie Gardner
Cornell Law School, Ithaca, NY
Frederick Mark Gedicks
Brigham Young University, J. Reuben Clark Law School, Provo, UT
Benjamin D. Geffen
Public Interest Law Center, Philadelphia, PA
Steven S. Gensler
University of Oklahoma College of Law, Norman, OK
Nancy Gertner
Harvard Law School, Cambridge, MA
Joseph M. Getty
Supreme Court of Maryland, Annapolis, MD
Llewellyn Joseph Gibbons
University of Toledo College of Law, Toledo, OH
Elizabeth Barrowman Gibson
Toyota Motor North America, Inc., Plano, TX
Christine Chambers Goodman
Pepperdine University, Caruso School of Law, Malibu, CA
David M. Gossett
Davis Wright Tremaine LLP, Washington, DC
Paul A. Gowder
Northwestern University Pritzker School of Law, Chicago, IL
Paul J. Van de Graaf
U.S. Attorney's Office, District of Vermont, Burlington, VT
Charles E. Griffin
Butler Snow LLP, Ridgeland, MS
Simona Grossi
Loyola Law School, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
Catherine M. Grosso
Michigan State University College of Law, East Lansing, MI
David W. Gruning
Loyola University New Orleans College of Law, Abita Springs, LA
Tracy Raffles Gunn
Gunn Appellate Practice P.A., Tampa, FL
Caitlin Halligan
New York State Court of Appeals, Albany, NY
Michael A. Harring
Chicago, IL
Rosemary Hart
U.S. Department of Justice, Washington, DC
Thomas Healy
Seton Hall University School of Law, Newark, NJ
Arthur D. Hellman
University of Pittsburgh School of Law, Pittsburgh, PA
Lawrence K. Hellman
Oklahoma City University School of Law, Oklahoma City, OK
Stephen E. Henderson
University of Oklahoma College of Law, Norman, OK
Richard Conrad Henke
Thomas M. Cooley Law School, Lansing, MI
B. Jessie Hill
Case Western Reserve University School of Law, Cleveland, OH
Eric L. Hirschhorn
Winston & Strawn LLP, Washington, DC
Edwin E. Huddleson
Washington, DC
LaShonda A. Hunt
U.S. District Court, Northern District of Illinois, Chicago, IL
Aziz Zahirul Huq
University of Chicago Law School, Chicago, IL
Palmer Gene Vance II
Stoll Keenon Ogden PLLC, Lexington, KY
H. Thomas Byron III
Federal Trade Commission, Washington, DC
Edward J. Janger
Brooklyn Law School, Brooklyn, NY
Daniel G. Jarcho
Alston & Bird LLP, Washington, DC
Kirk C. Jenkins
Womble Bond Dickinson (US) LLP (Retired), Half Moon Bay, CA
Richard Gibbs Johnson
RGJ LLC, Cleveland, OH
Anthony Johnstone
U.S. Court of Appeals, Ninth Circuit, Missoula, MT
Robb Jones
United Educators (Retired), Sterling, VA
Anil Kalhan
Drexel University Thomas R. Kline School of Law, Philadelphia, PA
D. Arthur Kelsey
Supreme Court of Virginia, Richmond, VA
Orin S. Kerr
Stanford Law School, Stanford, CA
Steve Kim
U.S. District Court, Central District of California, Los Angeles, CA
Sarah M. Konsky
University of Chicago Law School, Chicago, IL
Ajay Krishnan
Keker, Van Nest & Peters LLP, San Francisco, CA
Peter B Kutner
University of Oklahoma College of Law, Norman, OK
Erin C. Lagesen
Oregon Court of Appeals, Salem, OR
Ruxandra "Andra" Laidacker
Kline & Specter, PC, Philadelphia, PA
Douglas Laycock
University of Virginia School of Law (Retired), Charlottesville, VA
Thomas S. Leatherbury
Thomas S. Leatherbury Law, PLLC, Dallas, TX
Evan Tsen Lee
University of California College of the Law, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
Thomas H. Lee
Fordham University School of Law, New York, NY
Damon R. Leichty
U.S. District Court, Northern District of Indiana, South Bend, IN
Nancy Leong
University of Denver, Sturm College of Law, Denver, CO
Justin Levitt
Loyola Law School, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
George W. Liebmann
Liebmann & Shively, P.A., Baltimore, MD
Erika F. Lietzan
University of Missouri School of Law, Columbia, MO
Lewis J. Liman
U.S. District Court, Southern District of New York, New York, NY
Susan M. Lin
Kairys, Rudovsky, Messing, Feinberg & Lin LLP, Philadelphia, PA
Mark J. Loewenstein
University of Colorado Law School, Boulder, CO
Andrés W. López
The Law Offices of Andrés W. López P.S.C., San Juan, PR
Gerard N. Magliocca
Indiana University, Robert H. McKinney School of Law, Indianapolis, IN
Jane E. Magnus-Stinson
U.S. District Court, Southern District of Indiana, Indianapolis, IN
Julia D. Mahoney
University of Virginia School of Law, Charlottesville, VA
Patrick A. Malone
Patrick Malone & Associates, PC, Washington, DC
Suzette Malveaux
Washington and Lee University School of Law, Lexington, VA
Jeffrey A. Mandell
Law Forward, Madison, WI
Lisa Marshall Manheim
University of Washington School of Law, Seattle, WA
Michael J. Mannheimer
Northern Kentucky University, Chase College of Law, Cincinnati, OH
Ria Tabacco Mar
American Civil Liberties Union, New York, NY
C. Scott Maravilla
U.S. Federal Aviation Administration, Washington, DC
Araceli Martínez-Olguín
U.S. District Court for the Northern District of California, San Francisco, CA
Steven L. Mayer
Arnold & Porter, San Francisco, CA
James T. McCartt
Triangle Peak Partners LP, Knoxville, TN
Marcia L. McCormick
St. Louis University School of Law, Saint Louis, MO
Christopher J. McFadden
Court of Appeals of Georgia, Atlanta, GA
James C. McKay
Office of the Attorney General for the District of Columbia, Washington, DC
M. Isabel Medina
Loyola University New Orleans College of Law, New Orleans, LA
Thomas Butler Merritt
Littleton, NH
Darrell A.H. Miller
University of Chicago Law School, Chicago, IL
Paul Mogin
Williams & Connolly LLP (Retired), Chevy Chase, MD
Alan B. Morrison
George Washington University Law School, Washington, DC
Derek T. Muller
Notre Dame Law School, Notre Dame, IN
Valerie M. Nannery
American Constitution Society, Washington, DC
Jonathan R. Nash
Emory University School of Law, Atlanta, GA
Robert G. Newman
Fulbright & Jaworski LLP (Retired), San Antonio, TX
Eric S. Nguyen
U.S. Department of the Treasury, Washington, DC
Aaron L. Nielson
Texas Office of Solicitor General, Austin, TX
Oren Nimni
Rights Behind Bars, Washington, DC
Joel W. Nomkin
Perkins Coie LLP, Phoenix, AZ
Barbara O'Brien
Michigan State University College of Law, East Lansing, MI
James M. Oleske
Lewis & Clark Law School, Portland, OR
Mariela Olivares
Howard University School of Law, Washington, DC
Sean Olivas
Jennings Haug Keleher McLeod Waterfall LLP, Albuquerque, NM
Eric R. Olson
Olson Grimsley Kawanabe Hinchcliff & Murray LLC, Denver, CO
Ryan Y. Park
North Carolina Department of Justice, Raleigh, NC
Jeffrey A. Parness
Northern Illinois University College of Law, DeKalb, IL
John T. Parry
Lewis & Clark Law School, Portland, OR
Robert S. Peck
Center for Constitutional Litigation, PC, Washington, DC
Harvey S. Perlman
University of Nebraska College of Law, Lincoln, NE
Mary Kelly Persyn
Persyn Law & Policy, San Francisco, CA
Ashwin P. Phatak
Office of the Attorney General for the District of Columbia, Washington, DC
Stuart A. Raphael
Court of Appeals of Virginia, Richmond, VA
Connor N. Raso
Public Company Accounting Oversight Board, Washington, DC
Gerald S. Reamey
St. Mary's University School of Law, San Antonio, TX
Henry R. Reeve
Denver District Attorney's Office (Retired), Denver, CO
Daniel I.S.J. Rey-Bear
Rey-Bear McLaughlin LLP, Spokane, WA
Sarah E. Ricks
Rutgers Law School, Camden, NJ
Augustin Rivera
Del Mar Community College District, Corpus Christi, TX
Lauren K. Robel
Indiana University, Maurer School of Law, Falmouth, MA
Christopher John Robinette
Southwestern Law School, Los Angeles, CA
Russell K. Robinson
University of California, Berkeley School of Law, Berkeley, CA
Daniel B. Rodriguez
Northwestern University Pritzker School of Law, Chicago, IL
Robin L. Rosenberg
U.S. District Court, Southern District of Florida, West Palm Beach, FL
Bertrall L. Ross
University of Virginia School of Law, Charlottesville, VA
Thomas D. Rowe
Duke University School of Law, Marina del Rey, CA
Gabriel P. Sanchez
U.S. Court of Appeals, Ninth Circuit, San Francisco, CA
Lynn Hecht Schafran
Legal Momentum, New York, NY
Mary M. Schroeder
U.S. Court of Appeals, Ninth Circuit, Phoenix, AZ
Michael Schwarz
Santa Fe, NM
Matthew R. Segal
American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU), Boston, MA
Peter M. Shane
New York University School of Law, New York, NY
Allen E. Shoenberger
Loyola University Chicago School of Law, Chicago, IL
Kenneth W. Simons
University of California, Irvine School of Law, Irvine, CA
Stuart H. Singer
Boies Schiller Flexner LLP, Fort Lauderdale, FL
Matthew D. Slater
Cleary Gottlieb Steen & Hamilton LLP, Washington, DC
Duston J. Slinkard
U.S. Attorney's Office, District of Kansas, Topeka, KS
David L. Sloss
Santa Clara University School of Law, Santa Clara, CA
Steven R. Smith
California Western School of Law, San Diego, CA
Fred O. Smith
Emory University School of Law, Atlanta, GA
Carl A. Solano
Superior Court of Pennsylvania (Retired), Philadelphia, PA
Arthur B. Spitzer
American Civil Liberties Union of the District of Columbia, Washington, DC
Victor P. Stabile
Superior Court of Pennsylvania, Harrisburg, PA
Jason P. Steed
University of Kentucky, J. David Rosenberg College of Law, Lexington, KY
Adam N. Steinman
Texas A&M University School of Law, Fort Worth, TX
Paul David Stern
U.S. Department of the Interior, Washington, DC
H. Mark Stichel
RKW Law Group, Baltimore, MD
Elizabeth S. Stong
U.S. Bankruptcy Court, Eastern District of New York, Brooklyn, NY
Jon B. Streeter
California Court of Appeal, First Appellate District, Division Four, San Francisco, CA
Catherine T. Struve
University of Pennsylvania Carey Law School, Philadelphia, PA
Guy Miller Struve
Davis Polk & Wardwell LLP (Retired), New York, NY
Barry Sullivan
Loyola University Chicago School of Law, Chicago, IL
William H. Theis
Federal Defender Program (Retired), Lawrence, KS
David K. Thomson
New Mexico Supreme Court, Santa Fe, NM
Jay Tidmarsh
Notre Dame Law School, Notre Dame, IN
Jon S. Tigar
U.S. District Court, Northern District of California, Oakland, CA
Daniel Patrick Tokaji
University of Wisconsin Law School, Madison, WI
Michael E. Tolbert
Tolbert & Tolbert LLC, Gary, IN
Raymond P. Tolentino
Washington, DC
Ethan V. Torrey
Supreme Court of the United States, Washington, DC
Daniel Mack Traynor
U.S. District Court, District of North Dakota, Bismarck, ND
Michael Troncoso
Robbins Geller Rudman & Dowd LLP, San Diego, CA
Robert L. Tsai
Boston University School of Law, Boston, MA
Gretchen Hoff Varner
Covington & Burling LLP, San Francisco, CA
Louis J. Virelli
Stetson University College of Law, Saint Petersburg, FL
John L. Warden
Sullivan & Cromwell LLP, New York, NY
David G. Webbert
Johnson Webbert, LLP, Topsham, ME
Joseph A. Wetch
Lommen Abdo, P.A., Minneapolis, MN
Jonathan L. Williams
Latham & Watkins LLP, Washington, DC
Douglas P. Woodlock
U.S. District Court, District of Massachusetts, Boston, MA
Eric H. Zagrans
Zagrans Law Firm LLC, Columbus, OH
Melvyn Zarr
University of Maine School of Law, Portland, ME
Caroline S. Van Zile
Office of the Attorney General for the District of Columbia, Washington, DC
Benjamin C. Zipursky
Fordham University School of Law, New York, NY