REPORTERS
Richard L. Hasen, University of California, Irvine School of Law, Irvine, CA
Douglas Laycock, University of Virginia School of Law, Charlottesville, VA
Table of Contents
Section Page
Project Status at a Glance............................................................................................................ xiv
Foreword...................................................................................................................................... xv
Reporters’ Memorandum............................................................................................................. xvi
Projected Overall Table of Contents............................................................................................ xx
Chapter 1
Compensatory Damages
Topic 1
General Rules for Measuring Compensatory Damages
§ 5. Fact of Damage (Preponderance of the Evidence) and Amount of Damages (Reasonable Certainty)............................................................................................................................ 1
§ 9. Offsetting Benefits................................................................................................................. 22
§ 10. Compensation or Benefits from Collateral Sources............................................................. 41
§ 11. Loss of Chance..................................................................................................................... 63
§ 12. Multiple Sufficient Causes................................................................................................... 86
§ 13. Taxes................................................................................................................................... 118
§ 14. Interest................................................................................................................................ 143
§ 15. Present Value...................................................................................................................... 159
§ 16. Attorneys’ Fees................................................................................................................... 179
§ 17. Excessive and Inadequate Damages (New Trials, Remittitur, and Additur)..................... 198
Topic 2
Injury to the Person
§ 18. Lost Earnings and Earning Capacity.................................................................................. 223
§ 19. Medical Expenses............................................................................................................... 256
§ 20. Pain and Suffering, Including Emotional Harm Accompanied by Bodily Harm to the Plaintiff......................................................................................................................................... 287
§ 21. Emotional Harm Unaccompanied by Bodily Harm to the Plaintiff (Emotional Distress)............... 316
§ 22. Dignitary Harm................................................................................................................... 337
§ 23. Wrongful Death.................................................................................................................. 362
§ 24. Survival Actions................................................................................................................. 401
§ 25. Loss of Consortium............................................................................................................ 412
§ 26. Wrongful Pregnancy........................................................................................................... 426
§ 27. Wrongful Birth................................................................................................................... 440
§ 28. Defamation and Invasion of Privacy.................................................................................. 461
Chapter 3
Injunctions and Other Forms of Specific Relief
Topic 1
Permanent Injunctions
§ 43. Availability of Permanent Injunctions............................................................................... 463
§ 44. Scope of Injunctive Relief.................................................................................................. 490
§ 45. No Duplicate Relief............................................................................................................ 506
§ 46. Ripeness and Mootness...................................................................................................... 510
§ 47. Replaceability; Difficulty of Measuring Damages............................................................. 529
§ 48. Risk of Repeated Litigation (Multiplicity of Suits)............................................................ 552
§ 49. Potentially Insolvent or Immune Defendants.................................................................... 559
Appendix A. Black Letter of Tentative Draft No. 2.............................................................. 573
Appendix B. Black Letter of Sections Approved by Membership....................................... 588
Tentative Draft No. 2 contains a portion of Chapter 1, Topic 1, General Rules for Measuring Compensatory Damages; all of Chapter 1, Topic 2, Injury to the Person; and a portion of Chapter 3, Topic 1, Permanent Injunctions. At the 2023 Annual Meeting, the membership voted to approve Tentative Draft No. 2 in its entirety, subject to the discussion at the Meeting and editorial prerogative, with the exception of Sections 11, 26, and 27, which were discussed but not presented for voting. The approved material may be cited as representing the Institute’s position until the official text is published.
Table of Contents
Section Page
Project Status at a Glance............................................................................................................ xiv
Foreword...................................................................................................................................... xv
Reporters’ Memorandum............................................................................................................. xvi
Projected Overall Table of Contents............................................................................................ xx
Chapter 1
Compensatory Damages
Topic 1
General Rules for Measuring Compensatory Damages
§ 5. Fact of Damage (Preponderance of the Evidence) and Amount of Damages (Reasonable Certainty)............................................................................................................................ 1
§ 9. Offsetting Benefits................................................................................................................. 22
§ 10. Compensation or Benefits from Collateral Sources............................................................. 41
§ 11. Loss of Chance..................................................................................................................... 63
§ 12. Multiple Sufficient Causes................................................................................................... 86
§ 13. Taxes................................................................................................................................... 118
§ 14. Interest................................................................................................................................ 143
§ 15. Present Value...................................................................................................................... 159
§ 16. Attorneys’ Fees................................................................................................................... 179
§ 17. Excessive and Inadequate Damages (New Trials, Remittitur, and Additur)..................... 198
Topic 2
Injury to the Person
§ 18. Lost Earnings and Earning Capacity.................................................................................. 223
§ 19. Medical Expenses............................................................................................................... 256
§ 20. Pain and Suffering, Including Emotional Harm Accompanied by Bodily Harm to the Plaintiff......................................................................................................................................... 287
§ 21. Emotional Harm Unaccompanied by Bodily Harm to the Plaintiff (Emotional Distress)............... 316
§ 22. Dignitary Harm................................................................................................................... 337
§ 23. Wrongful Death.................................................................................................................. 362
§ 24. Survival Actions................................................................................................................. 401
§ 25. Loss of Consortium............................................................................................................ 412
§ 26. Wrongful Pregnancy........................................................................................................... 426
§ 27. Wrongful Birth................................................................................................................... 440
§ 28. Defamation and Invasion of Privacy.................................................................................. 461
Chapter 3
Injunctions and Other Forms of Specific Relief
Topic 1
Permanent Injunctions
§ 43. Availability of Permanent Injunctions............................................................................... 463
§ 44. Scope of Injunctive Relief.................................................................................................. 490
§ 45. No Duplicate Relief............................................................................................................ 506
§ 46. Ripeness and Mootness...................................................................................................... 510
§ 47. Replaceability; Difficulty of Measuring Damages............................................................. 529
§ 48. Risk of Repeated Litigation (Multiplicity of Suits)............................................................ 552
§ 49. Potentially Insolvent or Immune Defendants.................................................................... 559
Appendix A. Black Letter of Tentative Draft No. 2.............................................................. 573
Appendix B. Black Letter of Sections Approved by Membership....................................... 588
Tentative Draft No. 2 contains a portion of Chapter 1, Topic 1, General Rules for Measuring Compensatory Damages; all of Chapter 1, Topic 2, Injury to the Person; and a portion of Chapter 3, Topic 1, Permanent Injunctions. At the 2023 Annual Meeting, the membership voted to approve Tentative Draft No. 2 in its entirety, subject to the discussion at the Meeting and editorial prerogative, with the exception of Sections 11, 26, and 27, which were discussed but not presented for voting. The approved material may be cited as representing the Institute’s position until the official text is published.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Section Page
Project Status at a Glance .............................................................................................. xiv
Foreword .......................................................................................................................... xv
Reporters’ Memorandum ................................................................................................. xvi
Preliminary Overall Table of Contents .............................................................................. xix
INTRODUCTION
THE RIGHT TO A REMEDY
§ 1. Availability of Tort Remedies ..................................................................................... 1
CHAPTER 1
COMPENSATORY DAMAGES
TOPIC 1
GENERAL RULES FOR MEASURING COMPENSATORY DAMAGES
§ 2. Restoring the Rightful Position (Make-Whole Relief) ................................................ 9
§ 3. One Satisfaction (No Double Recovery) .................................................................. 15
§ 4. Descriptive Categories of Damages (Immediate, Consequential, Direct,
General, and Special Damages) ..................................................................................... 26
§ 5. Reasonable Certainty ............................................................................................... 37
§ 6. Scope of Liability (Proximate Cause) ...................................................................... 54
§ 7. Unforeseeable Amount or Extent of Harm (Thin-Skull Plaintiffs) .............................. 56
§ 8. Avoidable Consequences (Mitigation of Damages) .................................................. 62
§ 9. Offsetting Benefits ................................................................................................... 127
§ 10. Compensation or Benefits from Collateral Sources ............................................... 146
§ 11. Loss of Chance [to come] ....................................................................................... 168
§ 12. Multiple Sufficient Causes [to come] ....................................................................... 168
§ 13. Taxes ....................................................................................................................... 169
§ 14. Interest ..................................................................................................................... 193
§ 15. Present Value ........................................................................................................... 209
§ 16. Attorneys’ Fees ........................................................................................................ 229
§ 17. Excessive and Inadequate Damages (New Trials, Remittitur, and Additur) ..... 248
Appendix. Black Letter of Tentative Draft No. 1 ........................................................ 274
Tentative Draft No. 1 contains § 1, The Right to a Remedy, and Sections from Topic 1, General Rules for Measuring Compensatory Damages, of Chapter 1 on Compensatory Damages.. The membership voted to approve §§ 1-4 and 6-8 of the draft at the 2022 Annual Meeting, subject to the discussion at the Meeting and editorial prerogative. The approved material may be cited as representing the Institute’s position until the official text is published.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Section Page
Project Status at a Glance .............................................................................................. xiv
Foreword .......................................................................................................................... xv
Reporters’ Memorandum ................................................................................................. xvi
Preliminary Overall Table of Contents .............................................................................. xix
INTRODUCTION
THE RIGHT TO A REMEDY
§ 1. Availability of Tort Remedies ..................................................................................... 1
CHAPTER 1
COMPENSATORY DAMAGES
TOPIC 1
GENERAL RULES FOR MEASURING COMPENSATORY DAMAGES
§ 2. Restoring the Rightful Position (Make-Whole Relief) ................................................ 9
§ 3. One Satisfaction (No Double Recovery) .................................................................. 15
§ 4. Descriptive Categories of Damages (Immediate, Consequential, Direct,
General, and Special Damages) ..................................................................................... 26
§ 5. Reasonable Certainty ............................................................................................... 37
§ 6. Scope of Liability (Proximate Cause) ...................................................................... 54
§ 7. Unforeseeable Amount or Extent of Harm (Thin-Skull Plaintiffs) .............................. 56
§ 8. Avoidable Consequences (Mitigation of Damages) .................................................. 62
§ 9. Offsetting Benefits ................................................................................................... 127
§ 10. Compensation or Benefits from Collateral Sources ............................................... 146
§ 11. Loss of Chance [to come] ....................................................................................... 168
§ 12. Multiple Sufficient Causes [to come] ....................................................................... 168
§ 13. Taxes ....................................................................................................................... 169
§ 14. Interest ..................................................................................................................... 193
§ 15. Present Value ........................................................................................................... 209
§ 16. Attorneys’ Fees ........................................................................................................ 229
§ 17. Excessive and Inadequate Damages (New Trials, Remittitur, and Additur) ..... 248
Appendix. Black Letter of Tentative Draft No. 1 ........................................................ 274
Tentative Draft No. 1 contains § 1, The Right to a Remedy, and Sections from Topic 1, General Rules for Measuring Compensatory Damages, of Chapter 1 on Compensatory Damages.. The membership voted to approve §§ 1-4 and 6-8 of the draft at the 2022 Annual Meeting, subject to the discussion at the Meeting and editorial prerogative. The approved material may be cited as representing the Institute’s position until the official text is published.